单选题   There was a time not long ago when new science Ph. D. s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia (学术界). But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but there's also a rising awareness of career options that Ph. D. scientists haven't trained for directly—but for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, there's a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph. D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan (IDP).
    In 2002, the US Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP m consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academic institutions have begun to require IDPs for postdocs. And in June, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32 000 postdoctoral researchers they support. Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar direction.
    IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specific goals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities, and set (usually short-term)goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph. D. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path.
    A free Web application for this purpose, called my IDF, has become available this week. It's designed to guide early-career scientists through a confidential, rigorous process of introspection (内省) to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers, each trainee's self-assessment is used to rank a set of career trajectories (轨迹). After the user has identified a long-term career goal. My IDP walks her or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice.
    Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resources to help them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus, myIDP will be most effective when it's embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.
单选题     What do we learn about new science Ph. D. s in the United States today?______
 
 
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】由题干中的new science Ph. D. s in the United States today定位到首段前两句。 事实细节题。文章开篇两句指出，不久之前，人们还期望美国新毕业的理科博士从事学术领域的职业。但是在今天，大多数毕业生最终都在学术界之外工作，他们工作的领域不仅包括工业，还有科学政策、通讯以及专利权法等领域，故答案为C。 [参考译文] 不久之前，人们还期望美国新毕业的理科博士从事学术领域的职业。但是在今天，大多数毕业生最终都在学术界之外工作，他们工作的领域不仅包括工业，还有科学政策、通讯以及专利权法等领域。这部分源于学术界就业市场的惨淡，然而，人们也越来越意识到这是因为拥有博士学位的科学家间接地接受过有关职业选择的培训——虽说不是直接地，但他们从中接受了有用的知识、技能和经验。再者，我们现在培训科学家的方式和他们真正能得到的就业机会之间存在巨大的脱节。我们也急切地需要大力改善培训计划，弥补这一差距。促成这一改变的关键一步就在于让博士生和博士后科学家遵循个人发展计划(IDP)。 2002年，美国实验生物学联合会建议每一位博士后研究员都应与一名顾问协商其个人发展计划。自那以后，一些学术机构就开始要求博士后制订个人发展计划。在6月份，美国国家卫生研究院生物医学研究人员工作小组向美国国家卫生研究院提议，要求他们所维系的大约32000名博士后研究员都加入这个个人发展计划。其他公立或私立的基金资助机构也正努力向同样的方向发展。 长期以来，政府机构和私人机构都通过用个人发展计划来为他们的雇员和组织实现特定目标。目的就是要确保雇员能获得清楚明确的工具，以帮助他们了解自己的能力和抱负。确定从事某些行业的可能性，并设立目标(通常是短期的)。在科学领域，应届毕业生和新毕业的拥有博士学位的科学家能够通过个人发展计划确定一条有效的职业道路并明确职业发展方向。 出于这一目的，这周在网上就出现了一个免费的网络应用，名字叫“我的个人发展计划”。它的设计意图就是要为职业生涯起步阶段的科学家提供指导，让他们通过秘密却又严格的自省来建立针对个人的职业计划。每名受训者的自我评估都被用来决定一系列职业发展路线的优先次序，该评估得到了一组专注于科学领域的职业顾问的专业指导。用户确定长期职业目标之后，“我的个人发展计划”就会带其制订短期目标，旨在积累对于那个职业选择很重要的新技能和经验。 虽然调查显示个人发展计划十分有用，受训者却报告说他们需要更多的资源来帮助自己确定长期的职业道路，以此来完成个人发展计划。因此，只有把“我的个人发展计划”纳入更广阔的职业发展规划的时候，它才能发挥最大作用。例如：大学可以将个人发展计划纳入他们的研究生课程，以帮助学生讨论、计划、准备并最终实现他们的长期职业目标。
单选题     What does the author say about America's Ph. D. training?______
 
 
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】由题干中的America's Ph. D. training定位到第一段第四句。 推理判断题。定位句指出，我们现在培训科学家的方式和他们真正能得到的就业机会之间存在巨大的脱节。我们也急切地需要大力改善培训计划，从而弥补这一差距，故答案为A。
单选题     What was recommended for Ph. D. s and postdoctoral researchers?______
 
 
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】由题干中的recommended和Ph. D. s and postdoctoral researchers定位到第二段第一句。 事实细节题。定位句指出，2002年，美国实验生物学联合会建议每一位博士后研究员都应与一名顾问协商其个人发展计划，故答案为C。
单选题     Government agencies and the private sector often use IDPs to ______.
 
 
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】由题干中的Government agencies and the private sector和IDPs定位到第三段前两句。 事实细节题。定位句指出，长期以来，政府机构和私人机构都通过用个人发展计划来为他们的雇员和组织实现特定目标。目的就是要确保雇员能获得清楚明确的工具，以帮助他们了解自己的能力和抱负，确定从事某些行业的可能性，并设立目标(通常是短期的)，故答案为B。
单选题     What do we know about my IDP?______
 
 
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】由题干中的myIDP定位到倒数第二段前两句。 事实细节题。定位句指出，出于这一目的，这周在网上就出现了一个免费的网络应用，名字叫“我的个人发展计划”。它的设计意图就是要为职业生涯起步阶段的科学家提供指导，让他们通过秘密却又严格的自省来建立针对个人的职业计划，故答案为A。