It is hardly necessary to point out that we live in a world of increasing industrialization. While this process enables us to raise our standard of living at an ever-accelerating rate, it also leads to a corresponding growth of interdependence between the different regions of, the world.
41) ______.
What, then, is to be done? Although it is difficult to know where to begin to deal with such a large subject, the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties an underdeveloped or emerging region has to face.
42) ______ A number of quite common occurrences are therefore sufficient to cause immediate-and serious interference with this. export production: unfavorable weather conditions, plant or animal epidemics, the exhaustion of soil fertility or mineral deposits, the development of substitute products in the industrialized regions, etc. The sensitivity of the economy is greatly intensified in cases where exports are confined only to one or two products--"monocultures" as they are sometimes called.
43) ______ This also applies to the manufactured goods required to provide their populations with the "necessities of life". This economic structure makes it difficult for them to avoid being politically dependent on the countries which absorb their exports and provide their essential imports.
Since, under modern conditions, a rapid rise in population is a phenomenon closely associated with underdevelopment. This cause alone can subject the economy to severe and continuous stress.
44) ______ In the first place, to set up modern industries necessitates capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provider secondly, they lack the necessary trained manpower; thirdly, their industries--when established--are usually not efficient enough to compete with foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is likely to lead to counter-action against their own exports.
From another point of view, it is necessary to bear in mind that there are invariably political, educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to interfere seriously with any measures taken to deal with the economic difficulties outlined above.
45) ______.
To conclude, it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many inter-related problems of underdevelopment, only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources of all branches of science will enable us to do so.

{{B}}Notes:{{/B}} be orientated... toward 被引导到......。 monoculture 单一作物耕种。
[A] For example, the economies of such countries are orientated primarily toward the production of raw materials, i. e. agricultural and mineral products; these are then exported to the industrialized countries.
[B] Given these conditions, it is easy to see that any permanent economic or political instability in one area is bound to have an increasingly serious effect upon the rest of the world. Since the main source of such instability is underdevelopment, it is clear that this now constitutes a problem of international dimensions.
[C] As far as "necessities of life" are concerned, they represent a concept which is continually being enlarged through the mass media of communication such as newspapers, films, the radio and advertising.
[D] Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature.
[E] Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export.
[F] To consider 0nly one point: it is obviously useless to devote great efforts and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for psychological reasons, the population as a whole fails to turn theory into effective action.
[G] This sudden increase in the population of the underdeveloped countries has come at a difficult time. Even if their population had not grown so fast they would have been facing a desperate struggle to bring the standard of living of their people up.