单选题

A large part of effective leadership is dependent on something called "style". But style is difficult to teach, and what makes one leader great and another mediocre is not easily defined. Leadership always implies power, and a broad definition in this {{U}}context{{/U}} is that leadership includes the power to influence thoughts and actions of others in such a way that they achieve higher satisfaction and/or performance. Over the past century, there have been three major approaches to understanding leadership.
Identifying leadership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of leaders, was the first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the mm of the century (about 1904) when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social {{U}}norms{{/U}} about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, well groomed, etc.). The original assumption that "leaders are born, not made" has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to the traits to give {{U}}them{{/U}} any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait approach, the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying behaviors according to whether they fell into a process or "people approach" (satisfying individual needs), or a "task approach" (getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the discovery in social psychology that every group needs someone to fulfill both these roles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tried to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situational approach to leadership was developed in 1958. This approach {{U}}strived{{/U}} to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style best matches with these.

单选题 Which of the following questions does the author answer in Paragraph 1?

单选题 The word "context" underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably means ______.

单选题 The assumption that "leaders are born, not made" has lost credibility because ______.

单选题 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT one of the three major approaches to understanding leadership?

单选题 The word "norms" underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably means ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[分析] 词义题型见第二段：At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, well groomed, etc.).在这一期间，大多数美国领导人来自于相当富裕的家庭，其中绝大多数是白人男性，同时关于领导人的长相(如：个子高大，方下巴，外形修饰的很好)还有一些社会______；根据上下文，此处讲的是trait studies，是要鉴别领导人的特质——外观上和心理上的；因此社会认为领导人要满足某些特性和标准；因此D为答案。

单选题 The word "them" underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably means ______.

单选题 What was the assumption of the behavioral approach?

单选题 What is the foundation for the classification of behaviors in the behavioral approach?

单选题 The word "strived" underlined in Paragraph 2 means ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[分析] 词义题型见第二段：The earliest situational approach to leadership was developed in 1958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward...(认为领导才能的获得是)环境方法最早起源于1958年)，这一方法______认为是环境的不同特点使得一个领导人有别于常人。之后这一趋势朝着……方向发展。根据上下文可知，开始人们试图证明是环境使得领导人与常人有别，后来……；因此选项D为答案。

单选题 Which of the three approaches tended to later gain most acceptance?

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[分析] 推断题型通读全文可见文中提到的三种方法：一是trait studies(起源于二十世纪初——大约 1904年)，二是behavioral approach(起源于二十世纪四十年代晚期)，三是situational approach(起源于1958年)；文中还提到第一种方法无法令人信服，还提到前两种方法的作者都试图使自己的见解能应用于所有的领导人；但只在最后提到第三种方法后来发展成为弄清环境所独有的特点以及何种领导类型能最好地与这些特点相匹配；由此推断第三种方法最终被人们接受，因此A为答案。