翻译题
【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the same events which we have observed to result from similar causes. Where the causes are entirely similar, the analogy is perfect, and the inference drawn from it is regarded as certain and conclusive; nor does any man ever entertain a doubt, where he sees a piece of iron, that it will have weight and cohesion of parts as in all other instances which have ever fallen under his observation. 【F2】But where the objects have not so exact a similarity, the analogy is less perfect and the inference is less conclusive, though still it has some force, in proportion to the degree of similarity and resemblance. The anatomical observations formed upon one animal are, by this species of reasoning, extended to all animals; and it is certain that, when the circulation of the blood, for instance, is clearly proved to have place in one creature, as a frog or fish, it forms a strong assumption that the same principle has place in all. These analogical observations may be carried further; and any theory by which we explain the operations of the understanding or the origin and connection of the passions in man will acquire additional authority if we find that the same theory is necessary to explain the same phenomena in all other animals. It seems evident that animals, as well as men, learn many things from experience and infer that the same events will always follow from the same causes. 【F3】By this principle they become acquainted with the more obvious properties of external objects and gradually, from their birth, treasure up a knowledge of the nature of fire, water, earth, etc., and of the effects which result from their operation. 【F4】A horse that has been accustomed to the field becomes acquainted with the proper height which he can leap, and will never attempt what exceeds his force and ability. An old dog will trust the more fatiguing part of the chase to the younger and will place himself so as to meet the feeble hare. 【F5】In all these cases we may observe that the animal infers some fact beyond what immediately strikes his senses, and that this inference is altogether founded on past experience. And the creature expects from the present object the same consequences which it has always found in its observation to result from similar objects.
【答案解析】①本句为较复杂的主从复合句。主句是被动语态结构，后有两个定语从句，分别修饰先行词analogy和the same events。②reasonings的意思是“推理；论证”，被后置定语concerning matter of fact所修饰，表示推理是有关事实判定方面的。③第一个定语从句修饰analogy，解释说明类比的概念为：让人们知道导致相同事件发生的任意原因。其后的定语从句2又解释了the same events，说明我们观察过这些相同的事件都是由类似的原因引起的。
【答案解析】①本句是由and连接两个分句的并列句，其中分句2包含一个定语从句。②分句1中become acquainted with意思是“熟悉了解……”；介词短语of external objects修饰properties，表示外部物体较明显的属性。③and连接的分句2中from their birth中的their指的是上文提到的动物和人；句末的定语从句which result from their operations修饰effects，其中their也指动物和人，operations常见义是“运作，操作”，对指动物和人而言，用“活动”表达更准确、合理。
问答题14.【F4】
【正确答案】马熟悉一片草地后，便能掌握自己跃起的合理高度，并且永远不会逞强去做能力之外的事情。
【答案解析】①本句在语法意义上是两个并列的复合句。分句1包含两个定语从句，分句2包含一个宾语从句。②分句1中开头便有一个that引导的定语从句修饰先行词horse，补充说明这匹马的特点。be accustomed to表示“习惯于……”。第二个定语从句which he can leap修饰the proper height，当中which即是引导词又是充当从句的宾语，指代the height，说明马能跳跃起的合理高度。③分句2中的attempt作动词用，表示“企图……”，这里的名词由宾语从句充当。what exceeds his force and ability意思是“超出马的力量和能力的事情”。