问答题
On the all-important question of power-the efficacy
of power, the morality of power, the desirability of power-American and European
perspectives are diverging. {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}}
{{/U}}{{U}}Europe is turning away from power, or to put it a little differently, it
is moving beyond power into a self-contained world of laws and rules and
transnational negotiation and cooperation{{/U}}. It is entering a post-historical
paradise of peace and relative prosperity, the realization of Kant's "Perpetual
Peace." The United States, meanwhile, remains indulged in
history, exercising power in the anarchic (无政府的) Hobbesian world where
intemational laws and rules are unreliable and where true security and the
defense and promotion of a liberal order still depend on the possession and use
of military might. {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}That is why on
major strategic and international questions today, Americans are from Mars and
Europeans are from Venus: They agree on little and understand one another less
and less.{{/U}} And this state of affairs is not transitory-the product of one
American election or one catastrophic event. The reasons for the transatlantic
divide are deep, long in development, and likely to endure. {{U}} {{U}}
18 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}When it comes to setting national priorities,
determining thi'eats, defining challenges, and fashioning and implementing
foreign and defense policies, the United States and Europe have parted
ways.{{/U}} Europeans are more conscious of the growing
differences, perhaps because they fear them more. European intellectuals are
nearly unanimous in the conviction that Americans and Europeans no longer share
a common "strategic culture." The European caricature at its most extreme
depicts America's warlike temperament the natural product of a violent society.
{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}But even those who do not make
this crude link agree there are profound differences in the way the United
States and Europe conduct foreign policy.{{/U}} The United
States, they argue, resorts to force more quickly and, compared with Europe, is
less patient with diplomacy. Americans generally see the world divided between
good and evil, between friends and enemies, while Europeans see a more complex
picture. {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}When confronting real or
potential adversaries, Americans generally favor policies of coercion rather
than persuasion, emphasizing sanctions over inducements to better behavior, the
stick over the carrot.{{/U}} Americans tend to seek finality in international
affairs: They want problems solved, threats eliminated. And, of course,
Americans increasingly tend toward unilateralism in international affairs. They
are less inclined to act through international institutions such as the United
Nations, less inclined to work cooperatively with other nations to pursue common
goals, more skeptical about international law, and more willing to operate
outside its strictures.