填空题Text 2 Researchers have studied
the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor
communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating
structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as
members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active
producers of a "counterculture", as participants in the informal economy, as
inventors of survival strategies, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of
labor--to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.
The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the
category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction
of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as
are the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which
shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images,
except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may
well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and omissions)
upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very
different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were
created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown,
consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and
social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. In
constructing a physical infrastructure for transport, industry, trade and
tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left
standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding. Most
important are the economic functions of poverty, as for lack of other options
the poor are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean. The
poor are more likely to buy second-hand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thus
prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of
low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers whom the non-poor shy away from.
Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens
of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence
and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the
violent represent for the rest of society. Physically, the
poor and the non-poor are often kept apart, through differential land use and
ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participation
in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and
cultural institutions. Conceptually, they are divided through stereotyping and
media cliché. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the
poor. [A] patronize low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers.
[B] by means of stereotyping and media cliché.
[C] as an subject for studying poverty. [D] the values
of thrift, diligence and cleanliness. [E] by political,
educational and social organizations. [F] through differential
presence in the labor force. [G] victims of criminal
acts.
填空题
The poor were usually associated with ______
填空题
The elites are interesting and important ______
填空题
In general, the interests of the poor are destroyed ______
填空题
The poor people are likely to ______
填空题
Socially, the poor and the non-poor are divided ______