问答题The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. (47)Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. (48)An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. (49)If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. (50)In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
【答案解析】[解析] 本句是一个复合句,主干为The American economic system is organized around a... economy,其中economy后面的which引导一个定语从句in which consumers largely determine,修饰economy;这个定语从句的主语是consumers,谓语是determine,后面的宾语从句what shall be produced是determine的宾语;what shall be produced后面的分词结构by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语,说明消费者决定应该生产什么产品;句末的定语从句that they want most修饰goods and services。注意:本句的意思围绕主干中的表语economy展开,所以阅读时要先抓主干,再理枝叶,层层分析,直到完全理解。 [词汇] private-enterprise(私有企业,私人企业)market-oriented(以市场为导向的)
可接受的翻译
不可接受的翻译
private-enterprise:私有企业
private-enterprise:个人的胆识
market-oriented economy:以市场为导向的经济
market-oriented economy:东方市场经济
in which consumers largely determine whatshall be produced by:在这一体系中,消费者主要通过……来决定厂家应该生产什么样的东西。
in which consumers largely determine whatshall be produced by:在这一体系中,消费者通过……主要决定什么将会被自己生产。
【答案解析】[解析] 本句是一个强调句,主干是it is...that...,被强调的部分有三个:the demand of individual consumers,the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,其中coupled with和and起连接作用。在that引导的部分中,determine作谓语,后面的两个宾语从句what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it都是determine的宾语。 [词汇] individual consumers(个体消费者),这里individual用作形容词,是个体的,个人的。individual也可以用作名词,表示个人,个体,后面的individuals就是名词用法。maximize使……最大化,反义词为minimize将……最小化。
【答案解析】[解析] 本句是一个复合句,其中by之前的部分为主干,by之后的部分是一个定语从句,是理解的难点所在,因为中国人一般不习惯阅读带介词的动词词组的被动形式,遇到这类问题时的解决办法是将被动结构(responded to by producers)转换为主动结构(producers respond to consumer needs),就是说在responded to by producers中,作出反应的是producers,反应的对象是consumer demands. [词汇] mechanism(机制)
【答案解析】[解析] 本句是一个复合句,开始是if引导的一个条件从句,主语是动名词短语producing more of a commodity,谓语是results in,宾语是reducing its cost;主句的主干是this will tend to increase the supply...,supply后面的分词结构offered by seller-producers后置作supply的定语;而句末的which引导一个非限定性定语从句,其中which指的是它前面的整个主句的内容。 [词汇] commodity(商品,日用品)result in(导致),注意区别result from(由……产生)
【答案解析】[解析] 本句的主干为the concept embraces not only...but also...,其中but also certain rights 后面的部分including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual修饰certain rights,补充说明其范围。 [词汇] embrace(作为及物动词有拥抱,包含,包括等意思,这里取后者)productive resources(生产性资源,即生产资料)ownership(所有权)
可接受的翻译
不可接受的翻译
the concept of private property embraces:私有财产这一概念不仅包含
the concept of private property embraces:私有财产这一概念不仅拥抱