单选题
Children with attention problems in early childhood were 40% less likely to graduate from high school, says a new study from Duke University. The study included 386 kindergarteners from schools in the Fast Track Project, a multi-site clinical trial in the U.S. that in 1991 began tracking how children developed across their lives. With this study, researchers examined early academic attention and socio-emotional skills and how each contributed to academic success into young adulthood. They found that early attention skills were the most consistent predictor of academic success, and that likability by peers also had a modest effect on academic performance. By fifth grade, children with early attention difficulties had lower grades and reading achievement scores than their peers. As fifth-graders, children with early attention problems obtained average reading scores at least 3% lower than their contemporaries' and grades at least 8% lower than those of their peers. This was after controlling for IQ, socio-economic status and academic skills at school entry. Although these may not seem like large effects, the impact of early attention problems continued throughout the children's academic careers. Lower reading achievement scores and grades in fifth grade contributed to reduced grades in middle school and thereby contributed to a 40% lower high school graduation rate. 'The children we identified as having attention difficulties were not diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (注意力缺乏多动症) (ADHD), although some may have had the disorder. Our findings suggest that even more modest attention difficulties can increase the risk of negative academic outcomes,' said David Rabiner, an associate dean of Duke's Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, whose research has focused on ADHD and interventions to in, prove academic performance in children with attention difficulties. Social acceptance by peers in early childhood also predicted grades in fifth grade. Children not as liked by their first-grade peers had slightly lower grades in fifth grade, while those with higher social acceptance had higher grades. 'This study shows the importance of so-called 'non-cognitive' or soft skills in contributing to children's positive peer relationships, which, in turn, contribute to their academic success,' said Kenneth Dodge, director of the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy. The results highlight the need to develop effective early interventions to help those with attention problems stay on track academically and for educators to encourage positive peer relationships, the researchers said. 'We're learning that student success requires a more comprehensive approach, one that incorporates not only academic skills but also social, self-regulatory and attention skills,' Dodge said. 'If we neglect any of these areas, the child's development lags. If we attend to these areas, a child's success may reinforce itself with positive feedback loops.'
单选题
What is the focus of the new study from Duke University? ______
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[参考译文] 杜克大学的一项新研究显示,如果孩子在童年早期注意力有问题,那么他从高中毕业的可能性会降低40%。 这项研究包括了来自“快速通道项目”的386名幼儿园学生的数据。“快速通道项目”是美国的一项多地点临床试验,它从1991年开始追踪儿童在一生中是如何成长的。 在这项研究中,研究人员考察了学生早期的学业专注力和社交情感技能,以及这两个因素各自如何促使学生在青少年时期获得学业成功。 他们发现,预测学业会否成功的最稳定的因素是学生在早期能否培养注意力技能,而受同龄人喜欢的程度也对学业成绩有一定影响。 到五年级的时候,有着早期注意力障碍的儿童的成绩和阅读分数都低于同龄人。作为五年级的学生,有早期注意力问题的孩子的平均阅读分数要比同龄人至少低3%,成绩比同龄人至少低8%。这是在入学时,对学生的智商、社会经济地位和学术技能都进行过控制后所得出的结论。 虽然这些看起来不像是很大的影响,但早期注意力问题的影响在孩子的整个学习生涯中一直存在。他们在五年级时较低的阅读分数和成绩会导致中学时的成绩下降,从而造成高中毕业率下降40%。 “我们认定有注意力障碍的孩子并非确诊患有注意力缺乏多动症(ADHD),尽管有些孩子可能之前患有这种病。我们的研究结果盘明,即使是最轻微的注意力障碍也会增加学习成绩不佳的风险,”杜克大学三一文理学院副院长戴维·拉宾纳这样说。戴维·拉宾纳专注于研究注意力缺乏多动症以及干预措施——这些措施旨在改善有注意力障碍的儿童的学习成绩。 在童年早期,同龄人的社交认可程度也预示着五年级时的成绩。在一年级时不受同学欢迎的孩子在五年级时成绩比其他人略低,而社交认可度较高的孩子成绩则更好。 “这项研究显示了所谓的‘非认知’或软技能在促进儿童积极的同伴关系方面的重要性。而这种关系反过来又有助于他们在学业上取得成功。”杜克大学儿童与家庭政策中心主任肯尼斯·道奇说道。 研究人员说,研究结果突显了制定有效的早期干预措施以帮助有注意力问题的孩子在学业上保持良好状态的必要性,教育工作者也需要鼓励积极的同伴关系。 “我们了解到,学生要成功需要一种更全面的方法,这种方法不仅包括学术技能,还包括社交、自我管理和注意力技巧,”道奇说。“如果我们忽视其中任何一方面,孩子就会落后。如果我们关注这些领域,孩子的成功可能会通过积极的反馈循环得到强化。” 根据题干关键词new study from Duke University定位到第1段。 题目询问杜克大学新研究的关注点。第1段给出了这项新研究的一个结果,但与四个选项并无太大关系。第2段说了研究的对象,第3段谈了研究内容,从研究的内容可以看出这项研究的关注点:两个促使学生在未来获得学业成功的因素,而第4段说该研究发现这两个因素可以预测学生未来的学业表现。也就是说,该研究的重点就是能够预测孩子在未来获得学业成功的因素,故B项正确。 A项“儿童早期注意力的促进因素”,文章探讨儿童早期注意力问题对他们未来学业成绩的影响,并没有讨论儿童早期注意力的促进因素,排除A项。同样地,文章也探讨了儿童的社交技能对他们未来学业的影响,但没有讨论儿童社交技能发展的决定因素,故也排除D项。C项“影响儿童情绪健康的因素”中的emotional well-being没有原文依据,只是利用第3段中的socio-emotional skills来设置干扰。
单选题
How did the researchers ensure that their findings are valid? ______
单选题
What do we learn from the findings of the Duke study? ______
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】根据题干关键词findings of the Duke study定位至第1段、第4-8段。 题目询问杜克大学研究结果的相关信息。第1段以及第4-8段说的都是杜克大学这项研究的结果。其中第7段第2句说到,即使是最轻微的注意力障碍也会增加学习成绩不佳的风险(even more modest attention difficulties...negative academic outcomes)。D项“甚至轻微的注意力不集中都会影响到孩子们的学业成绩”符合原文意思,为正确答案。 A项是利用第7段第2句中的modest设置的干扰项,modest在此处意为“较小的、不大的”,而非“谦虚的”,文章没有提到与谦虚的学生相关的表述,故A项错误。B项“有注意力障碍的孩子比之前以为的要多”,杜克大学的研究没有对比过去和现在有注意力障碍的学生的数量,故B项错误。第7段第1句说,在当时研究的样本中,研究人员发现有注意力障碍的孩子并没有被诊断出患有注意力缺乏多动症(ADHD),因此ADHD和孩子有注意力障碍没有必然联系,而研究也没探索ADHD与学业不成功的关系,因此C项错误。
单选题
What does the Duke study Find about children better accepted by peers? ______
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】根据题干中的children better accepted by peers定位到倒数第4段第2句。 题目询问关于受同龄人欢迎的孩子,杜克大学的研究发现了什么结果。倒数第4段第2句提到,在低年级时不受欢迎的孩子在高年级时成绩略低,而受欢迎的孩子则成绩更高(higher-social acceptance had higher grades)。A项是此处原文的同义转述,故为正确答案。 文章只提到了同龄人的社交接受程度对学习成绩的影响,并没有谈到B项“他们很容易相处”、C项“他们是老师的宠儿”和D项“他们较少关心成绩”这几个方面。
单选题
What can we conclude from the Duke study? ______
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】根据题干关键词conclude以及出题顺序原则可以定位至最后三段。 题目询问我们可以从杜克大学的研究中得到什么样的结论。最后三段是说杜克这项研究的意义以及给予我们的启发。在最后一段第1句中,杜克大学的道奇提到,学生要成功需要一种更全面的方法(a more comprehensive approach),而D项“学校教育应该采取全面的方法”与此处的表述相一致,故为正确答案。 A项“孩子的成功与他们的学习环境有关”,这项研究探讨的是两个与孩子学习成功相关的因素——注意力以及同伴关系,没有探究学习环境,故A项错误。B项“学校的课程应该包括更多种类的学科”是利用文章最后一段第1句设置的干扰项,该句指出学生要成功就需要有一个更全面的方法,能够培养他们的学求、社交、自我管理以及注意力技能,但这些不等同于学校课程要包括更多种类的学科,B项不选。C项“社交技能在儿童的发展中起着关键作用”,第4段提到,该研究指出社交技能对学生的学业成功有一些影响(had a modest effect on),题干中的playing a key role与此描述不符,起关键作用的是注意力,故C项错误。