单选题 .  Women make up only 14 percent of full professors in U.S. economics departments. In stark contrast to other social sciences where women typically receive over 60 percent of doctoral degrees, women in economics receive only 35 percent of doctorates.
    Women have made significant progress in certain STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields traditionally dominated by men. But economics is not one of them. Startlingly, evidence suggests little progress in bringing women into economics since 2000.
    Those advocating for gender equality presume that women economists need to be included when research is being conducted and when policy is being debated because they bring a different perspective than men. Women economists, for example, are more likely to favor government intervention over market solutions. Male economists not only show a greater willingness to rely on markets, they are more likely to see problems from interfering with them.
    If men are the majority of full professors, younger female academics may find it harder to have their research seen as valuable. If men are the majority of editors of economics journals, it is not difficult to understand why it takes women six months longer to go through the review process for publishing in some of the top economics journals. Of course, even acknowledging the barriers to women's progress in economics, some may be convinced that the arc of history will eventually bring more women into the discipline, along with younger male economists more open to diversity. Unfortunately, there is growing reason to question that assumption. As Alice Wu's analysis of the Economics Job Market Rumors forum demonstrates, some of the biases that have contributed to the gender imbalance appear alive and well among those entering the profession.
    The governing board of the American Economic Association, at its January meeting, responded to the issues raised by the job forum. But leaders in the profession and economists throughout the world must begin to reflect upon the many factors that have produced the gender imbalance and how to address them constructively. The profession must understand that the lack of gender parity in economics is a systemic problem that will not fix itself.1.  What can we learn about the situation of women in economics? ______