单选题 A new catastrophe faces Afghanistan. The American bombing campaign is conspiring with years of civil conflict and drought to create an environmental crisis.
Humanitarian and political concerns are dominating the headlines. But they are also masking the disappearance of the country's once rich habitat and wildlife, which are quietly being crushed by war. The UN is dispatching a team of investigators to the region next month to evaluate the damage. "A healthy environment is a prerequisite for rehabilitation," says Klaus Topfer, head of the UN environment Programme.
Much of south-east Afghanistan was once lush forest watered by monsoon rains. Forests now cover less than 2 per cent of the country. "The Worst deforestation occurred during Taliban rule, when its timber mafia denuded forests to sell to Pakistani markets," says Usman Qazi, an environmental consultant based in Quetta, Pakistan. And the intense bombing intended to flush out the last of the Taliban troops is destroying or burning much of what remains.
The refugee crisis is also wrecking the environment, anti much damage may be irreversible. Forests and vegetation are being cleared for much-needed farming, but the gains are likely to be short-term. "Eventually the land will be unfit for even the most basic form of agriculture,' warns Hammed Naqi of the World Wide Fund for Nature in Pakistan. Refugees—around 4 million as the last county—are also cutting into forests for firewood.
The hail of bombs falling on Afghanistan is making life particularly bard for the country's wildlife. Birds such as the pelican and endangered Siberian crane cross eastern Afghanistan as they follow one of the world's great migratory thoroughfares from Siberia to Pakistan and India. But the number of the birds flying across the region has dropped by a staggering 85 per cent. "Cranes are very sensitive and they do not use file route if riley see any danger," says Ashiq Ahgmad, an environmental scientist for file WWF in Peshawar, Pakistan, who has tracked the collapse of the birds' migration this winter.
The rugged mountains also usually provide a safe haven for mountain leopards, gazelles, bears and Marco Polo sheep—the world's largest species. "The same terrain that allows fighters to strike and disappear back into the frills has also historically enabled wild life to survive," says Peter Zahler of the Wildlife Conservation society, based in New York. But he warns they are now under intense pressure from file bombing and invasions of refugees and fighters.
For instance, some refugees are hunting rare snow leopards to buy a safe passage across the border, A single fur can fetch $2,000 on the black market, says Zahler. Only 5,000 or so snow leopards are thought to survive in central Asia, and less than 100 in Afghanistan, their numbers already decimated by extensive hunting, and smuggling into Pakistan before the conflict." Timber, falcons and medicinal plants are also being smuggled across the border. The Taliban once controlled much of this trade, but the recent power vacuum could exacerbate the problem.
Bombing will also leave its mark beyond file obvious craters. Defence analysts say that while depleted uranium has been used less in Afghanistan than in file Kosovo conflict, conventional explosives will litter the country with pollutants. They contain toxic compounds such as cyclonite, a carcinogen, and rocket propellants contain perchlorates, which damage thyroid glands.

单选题 All of the following are causes of the environmental, crisis in Afghanistan EXCEPT ______.

A. American bombing
B. heavy monsoon rains
C. years of lack of rain
D. fighting among the Afghanis

单选题 According to the passage, the main cause of the loss of the country's forests is ______.

A. the flooding caused by the monsoon rain
B. the intense bombing of the Talihan troops
C. the improper use of the trees for benefits during Taliban rule
D. the fire set to bum the forests by the Talihan troops

单选题 Most of the migratory birds no longer fly across Afghanistan to Pakistan and India because ______.

A. they change their route from time to time
B. some birds have collapsed while flying
C. they have been threatened by the bombs dropped on the country
D. they are seared by the big animals in the mountains

单选题 In which of the following ways do the refugees threaten the survival of such wild animals as the snow leopards?

A. They hunt the animals for food.
B. They fight in the rugged mountains that provide a haven for the animals.
C. They hunt the animals to make profits.
D. They drive the animals away from their homes in the mountains.

单选题 Which of the following CANNOT be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Depleted uranium is not a kind of conventional explosives.
B. Craters are not the only damage done by bombs.
C. The conventional bombs are no less damaging to environment than the non-conventional ones.
D. Fewer people were killed in bombing in Afghanistan than in Kosovo.