【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】Grammatical construction; Agreement
The underlined portion of the sentence is an appositive, a terminal noun phrase restating the kind of data being collected and providing additional information about it. This is a clear and economical way to provide the extra information.
A Correct. The sentence is grammatically correct and logically coherent.
B The prepositional phrase with ... has no clear noun or noun phrase to attach to and is therefore ungrammatical.
C Using the restrictive that after atmosphere illogically suggests that there are many atmospheres to differentiate from and the one in question in this sentence is the one affecting global climate.
D The restrictive that also follows atmosphere as in answer C.
E The phrase as affects global climate functions as an adverb, but there is no verb for it to modify.
The correct answer is A.