问答题 Directions:
Read the following text carefully and the translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
{{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}It has long been suspected that only a minority of cancer cells can seed new trumours, and now the theory has finally been confirmed{{/U}}. The discovery promises to open up new avenues for developing more effective cancer therapies.
In 1997, it was found that only a small subset of cancer cells taken from patients with acute leukemia can cause the disease when injected into mice. {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Intriguingly, these cells, identified by Dominique Bonnet and John Dick at the University of Toronto in Canada, were similar to the stem cells found in bone marrow that mature into blood and immune cells{{/U}}. But no such cells had ever been discovered in solid tumors such as breast cancer.
Now Michael Clarke and his colleagues at the University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor have found them. {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}The team started by implanting tiny pieces of brest cancer tissue from nine women into the breats of female mice with weakened immune system{{/U}}. All the mice eventually developed tumours.
The researchers then made up suspensions of cells taken from the tumours and injected them into mice. The suspensions contained all the cell types found in the tumour. When the mice were injected with 5000 or more cells, they caused cancer every time. But when just 1000 cells were injected, only a quarter of the mice developed tumors.
This must mean that there were not enough of the cancer-causing cells in the smaller samples to initiate a tumor, Clarke reasoned. {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}To zero in on the tumor-making cells, his team sorted the different cells types by using antibodies that attached to different proteins on their cell surfaces{{/U}}. They then injected the separate cell types into mice.
Clarke's team found that many cell types did not cause cancer at all. But tumours were consistently produced by as few as 200 cells of a type that expressed surface proteins called CD (44) and EAS and were deficient in a protein called CD(24). {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}"This small number of cells is able to give rise to a tumour just as rapidly as 50,000 unsorted cells, " says Clarke, whose findings will be published in a future issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences{{/U}}.
The tumors produced by these rare cells contained the entire gamut of cells found in the original cancerous tissue, including those incapable of forming new tumors. This suggests that, like stem cells, they can make many different cell types.
The cells are similar to epithelial stem cells, which also express CD (44) and ESA on their surfaces. "This has huge implications for therapeutics, " says Clarke. "We can figure out how to target these cells."
Bbonnet, who now works for Cancer Research UK, calls the work "seminal".
【正确答案】长期以来人们一直在猜想，是不是只有一小部分癌细胞会催生新肿瘤。现在，这一理论最终得到证实。
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考点是多重复合句的翻译。本句的基本结构是一个并列句，由and连接，并列句的前半部分包含名词性从句，后半部分是个简单句。前一分句的句子主干为“it has long been suspected”，it是形式主语，随后that引导名词性从句做真正的主语。本句话使用被动语态，与汉语习惯表达差异较大，翻译时应该注意适当转译。 句子中suspect是“猜想”的意思；seed作动词用，原意为“播种”，本句话中为“催生”；tumour不常用，意为“肿瘤”。
【正确答案】有意思的是，加拿大多伦多大学的多米尼克·邦里特和约翰·迪克所确定的细胞，与成熟后进入血液及免疫细胞的骨髓干细胞没有什么区别。
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考点是修饰成分的翻译。本句的句子主干为these cells were similar to the stem cells；副词intriguingly修饰整个句子；过去分词identified作后置定语，修饰名词these cells；过去分词found作后置定语，修饰名词the stem cells，随后that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the stem cells。本句后置定语较多，翻译这一部分时可适当调整定语的位置，使整个句子更为通顺。 句子中intriguingly意为“有意思的是，有趣的是”；identify的常用义为“鉴定；识别，辨认出，认出”，本句话中意为“确定”；the stem cell、bone marrow、immune cells都是专业术语，意思分别为“干细胞、骨髓、免疫细胞”；mature此处为动词，意为“成熟，长成”。
【正确答案】实验刚开始是这么做的：研究小组把9位妇女的乳腺癌体素微粒植于免疫系统降低的母鼠身上。
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考点是介词by+V-ing(动词现在分词)结构的翻译。本句的句子主干为the team started；随后是by引导的介词短语，表示具体的方式方法。本句结构虽然不复杂，但是句中生词较多，需要一定的猜测能力。 本句中，除了继续使用上面两句的部分生词外，还需要考生根据构词和语境猜测一部分术语，例如tissue，本意为“纸巾，薄绢”，在这里指“组织”；weaken来自于形容词weak，其过去分词作定语，意为“降低的，减弱的”。这些词都需要根据构词、语境进行猜测，进而取合适的意义。
【正确答案】为了最终确定产生肿瘤的细胞，研究小组利用依附于不同蛋白质细胞表面的抗体，将不同细胞分类。
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考点是不定式短语和定语从句。本句的句子主干为“his team sorted the different cells”；句首是一个to do不定式来表示实验的目的；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词antibodies。在翻译的过程中，要注意不定式的处理。 zero的常用义为“零”，本句话中是个动词短语，zero in on意为“瞄准，对准”，本句话中可翻译为“确定”；antibodies意为“抗体”；动词短语attach to意为“依附”。
【正确答案】克拉克说，“这些小量的细胞形成肿瘤的速度之快，相当于5万个未分类的细胞。”这些新发现将发表于下一期的《国家科学院学报》。
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考点是非限定性定语从句的翻译。本句的句子主干非常简单，says Clarke；句子一开始是个直接引语，作says的宾语；whose引导非限定性定语从句，修饰Clarke。非限定性定语从句一般起补充、解释说明的作用，翻译的时候要特别注意。 动词短语give rise to意为“引起，导致”；unsorted的词根是sort，此词的构词法为前缀un+V-ed，意为“未分类的；不分级的；未加整理的；未经挑选的”；issue的含义很多，在本句话的意义为“(期刊的)一期”；Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences是一个期刊的名字，《国家科学院学报》。