问答题 .  SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
    In this section there are four passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
    PASSAGE ONE
    (1)On July 7th, I was traveling in London. I was having breakfast at a hotel very near Liverpool Street Station when the first explosion was detonated. Hearing the sirens and seeing London's emergency personnel respond to the bombings brought back vivid memories of the events of Sept. 11, 2001.
    (2)People have not forgotten Sept. 11, 2001. Americans can still recall exactly where they were and what they were doing on that fateful day. But it's understandable that some remember it as historical fact, lacking the painful impact and immediacy they originally felt. If we allow a dimming of purpose—to eliminate terrorism—these terrorist attacks in London serve as another chilling reminder that we're still at war.
    (3)Something constructive emerges from these tragic, horrible and unexplainable attacks. It is the message that we must remain vigilant in opposing an enemy who intentionally targets innocent civilians.
    (4)Since Sept. 11, 2001, the civilized nations of the world have remained mostly united in opposing these despicable, wanton acts of terror. We have had some great successes in that effort. We have arrested perpetrators and plotters, and we have foiled planned attacks. We have reduced the power and scope of those who despise freedom and democracy.
    (5)The effort must continue. As we learned Thursday—and in Madrid and Bali—the enemies of freedom have not lost their resolve. We must not lose ours.
    (6)Ultimately, the only real defense from terrorist attacks is being able to find out about them in advance. Intelligence gathering has improved but needs to be even stronger, including consistently improving human intelligence and patrol. Police and ordinary citizens must be alert and encouraged to convey information.
    (7) Once a terrorist incident does occur, there's no such thing as a perfect response. By definition, a terrorist attack means people are being hurt or killed. But by studying the response to past attacks, we can better prepare to handle those in the future.
    (8)London is one of the most secure cities in the world, steeped in years of dealing with terrorism. The city's preparation and resolve was evident on Thursday. I am very impressed by London's reaction to the bombings. Both the emergency personnel and the citizens seemed prepared. The first responders were rapid, well-directed, organized and professional, in accordance with obviously well-tested plans.
    (9)As for the citizens, at least a dozen people told me in one way or another, "We knew this was going to happen; it was just a question of when."
    (10)That is not only a realistic assessment; it also is a mindset that just might save lives. Political, business and community leaders are sometimes reluctant to talk about terrorism or stage drills to prepare their response because they don't want to frighten or upset people. But that's a mistake. People react to emergencies more effectively when they're not shocked by them.
    (11)Tony Blair and London Mayor Ken Livingstone have made preparedness a priority, and their efforts clearly paid off during Thursday's response to the attacks.
    (12)There's another benefit to preparing for terrorism in advance. Part of the damage the terrorists hope to inflict is the emotional reaction in the wake of the destruction. The reason it's called "terrorism" is that they want fear and its debilitating effects to linger long after the smoke has cleared.
    (13)By preparing citizens for the possibility of a terrorist attack, leaders can help minimize the emotional response in the wake of the destruction.
    (14)Finally, Thursday's attacks demonstrate that we must remain committed to confronting and eliminating terrorism. There are those who assert that the efforts to eliminate terror are somehow provoking the terrorists. That is wrong. The terrorists have been attacking innocent people long before Sept. 11, 2001, or the wars in Afghanistan or Iraq.
    (15)Seeing Prime Minister Blair speak so forcefully, with President Bush, President Jacques Chirac and other world leaders right behind him, was encouraging. Let's remember the unity the world shared after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.
    (16)Free nations can and will disagree. But let us always remember that free people must be steadfast and resilient in defending our way of life.
    PASSAGE TWO
    (1)Researchers who picked up and analyzed wild chimp droppings said on Thursday they had shown how the AIDS virus originated in wild apes in Cameroon and then spread in humans across Africa and eventually the world. Their study, published in the journal Science, supports other studies that suggest people somehow caught the deadly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from chimpanzees, perhaps by killing and eating them.
    (2)"It says that the chimpanzee group that gave rise to HIV...this chimp community resides in Cameroon," said Beatrice Hahn of the University of Alabama, who led the study. "But that doesn't mean the epidemic originated there because it didn't," Hahn, who has been studying the genetic origin of HIV for years, said in a telephone interview.
    (3)"We actually know where the epidemic took off. The epidemic took off in Kinshasa, in Brazzaville." Kinshasa is in the Democratic Republic Congo, formerly Zaire, and faces Brazzaville, in Congo, across the Congo River. Studies have traced HIV to a man who gave a blood sample in 1959 in Kinshasa, then called Leopoldville. Later analysis found the AIDS virus.
    (4)In people, HIV leads to AIDS but chimps have a version called simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) that causes them no harm. Humans are the only animals naturally susceptible to HIV. AIDS was only identified 25 years ago. The virus now infects 40 million people around the world and has killed 25 million. Spread in blood, sexual contact and from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding, HIV has no cure and there is no vaccine, although drug cocktails can control it.
    (5)And like so many new infectious, AIDS appears to have been passed to humans from animals they slaughtered. SIV has been found in captive chimps but Hahn wanted to show it could be found in the wild too. Her international team got the cooperation of the government in Cameroon and they hired skilled trackers.
    (6)"The chimps in that area are hunted. It's certainly impossible to see them. It is hard to track them and find these materials," she said. But the trackers managed to collect 599 samples of droppings. Hahn's lab found DNA, identified each individual chimp and then found evidence of the virus.
    (7)"We went to 10 field sites and we found evidence of infection in five. We were able to identify a total of 16 infected chimps and we were able to get viral sequences from all of them," Hahn said. Up to 35 percent of the apes in some communities were infected. Not only that, they could find different varieties, called clades, of the virus.
    (8)"We found some of the clades were really, really very closely related to the human virus and others were not," she said. Chimps separated by a river were infected with different clades, Hahn said. And a river may have carried the virus into the human population. "So how do you get from southern Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of Congo?" Hahn asked. "Some human must have done so. There is a river that goes from that southeastern corner of Cameroon down to the Congo River."
    (9)Ivory and hardwood traders used the Sangha River in the 1930s, when the original human-to-human transmission is believed to have happened. Hahn's study suggests the virus passed from chimpanzees to people more than once. "We don't really know how these transmissions occurred," Hahn said.
    (10)"We know that you don't get it petting a chimp, or from a toilet seat, just like you can't get HIV from a toilet seat. It requires exposure to infected blood and infected body fluids. So if you get bitten by an angry chimp while you are hunting it, which could do it."
    (11)Hahn's study only applies the HIV group M, which is the main strain of the virus responsible for the AIDS pandemic. "It's quite possible that still other (chimpanzee SIV) lineages exist that could pose risks for human infection and prove problematic for HIV diagnostic and vaccines," her team wrote.
    PASSAGE THREE
    (1)After thirty years of married happiness, he could still remind himself that Victoria was endowed with every charm except the thrilling touch of human frailty. Though her perfection discouraged pleasures, especially the pleasures of love, he had learned in time to feel the pride of a husband in her natural frigidity. For he still clung, amid the decay of moral platitudes, to the discredited ideal of chivalry. In his youth the world was suffused with the after-glow of the long Victorian age, and a graceful feminine style had softened the manners, if not the natures, of men. At the end of that interesting epoch, when womanhood was exalted from a biological fact into a miraculous power, Virginius Littlepage, the younger son of an old and affluent family, had married Victoria Brooke, the grand-daughter of a tobacco planter, who had made a satisfactory fortune by forsaking his plantation and converting tobacco into cigarettes. While Virginius had been trained by stern tradition to respect every woman who had not stooped to folly, the virtue peculiar to her sex was among the least of his reasons for admiring Victoria. She was not only modest, which was usual in the nineties, but she was beautiful, which is unusual in any decade.
    (2)In the beginning of their acquaintance he had gone even further and ascribed intellect to her; but a few months of marriage had shown this to be merely one of the many delusions created by perfect features and noble expression. Everything about her had been smooth and definite, even the tones of her voice and the way her light brown hair, which she wore la Pompadour, was rolled stiffly back from her forehead and coiled in a burnished rope on the top of her head.
    (3)A serious young man, ambitions to attain a place in the world more brilliant than the secluded seat of his ancestors, he had been impressed at their first meeting by the compactness and precision of Victoria's orderly mind. For in that earnest period the minds, as well as the emotions, of lovers were orderly. It was an age when eager young men flocked to church on Sunday morning, and eloquent divines discoursed upon the Victorian poets in the middle of the week. He could afford to smile now when he recalled the solemn Browning class in which he had first lost his heart. How passionately he had admired Victoria's virginal features! How fervently he had envied her competent but caressing way with the poet!
    (4)Incredible as it seemed to him now, he had fallen in love with her while she recited from the more ponderous passages in The Ring and the Book. He had fallen in love with her then, though he had never really enjoyed Browning, and it had been a relief to him when the Unseen, in company with its illustrious poet, had at last gone out of fashion. Yet, since he was disposed to admire all the qualities he did not possess, he had never ceased to respect the firmness with which Victoria continued to deal in other forms with the Absolute.
    (5)As the placid years passed, and she came to rely less upon her virginal features, it seemed to him that the ripe opinions of her youth began to shrink and flatten as fruit does that has hung too long on the tree. She had never changed, he realized, since he had first known her; she had become merely riper, softer, and sweeter in nature.
    (6)Her advantage rested where advantage never fails to rest, in moral fervor. To be invariably right was her single wifely failing. For his wife, he sighed, with the vague unrest of a husband whose infidelities are imaginary, was a genuinely good woman. She was as far removed from pretence as she was from the posturing virtues that flourish in the credulous world of the drama. The pity of it was that even the least exacting husband should so often desire something more piquant than goodness.
    PASSAGE FOUR
    (1)Doppelganger, a San Francisco-based startup is launching a virtual world today that's part nightclub, part billboard. The steady shift of advertising dollars online has entrepreneurs scrambling to come up with business models that will help them capture part of the bounty. So far, most of the attention has been on the search advertising gold-rush that propelled Google from puny startup into a behemoth worth $115 billion.
    (2)But there are other forms of advertising besides search, and for its virtual world, The Lounge, Doppelganger has settled on a product-placement model popularized by Hollywood, where advertisers pay up to have their products featured in movies and TV shows. Music label Interscope Records has already signed up for a trial to have Doppelganger build a virtual club for its Pussycat Dolls band within The Lounge.
    (3)"The Lounge has interesting advertising potential," says Gartner media analyst Mike McGuire. "Doppelganger's effort to tie the real world metaphors to a virtual world is very clever. From the perspective of music labels and bands, it's a very attractive opportunity to engage the MySpace crowd."
    (4)Doppelganger is far from the first virtual world to launch. Second Life, There.com, and others have been around for years, and even the mighty Google is believed to be preparing its own virtual world. But founder Andrew Littlefield, a former engineer at BEA Systems, isn't just trying to attract the MySpace crowd—he's actively taking some pages from MySpace's playbook.
    (5)First, Littlefield is building the service around social networking and instant messaging. Doppelganger users will be able to import their AIM buddy lists into the service, giving them a ready-made set of virtual friends—and helping Doppelganger recruit new users through existing social connections.
    (6)Second, Doppelganger is focusing on music, much as MySpace did in its early years. Like MySpace, which let users sign up to be "friends" of their favorite bands to keep up with CD releases and concert tours, Doppelganger is creating content for music fans. But instead of just Web pages, Doppelganger is building 3-D club environments where a band's music plays and users make their "avatars," or virtual characters, dance and chat.
    (7)The two-year-old company has 30 employees and $11 million in venture financing from Draper Fisher Jurvetson and Trident Capital, backers of hits like eBay-owned Skype and Time Warner's Mapquest.
    (8)According to Littlefield, Doppelganger's testers seem to be hooked. "This is clearly the new instant messaging," says Littlefield. "We have some beta users who log on right after school and stay logged on through the wee hours of the morning." That kind of attention is particularly alluring to advertisers and marketing folks who have been scrambling to figure out ways to capture the attention of teens that seem to increasingly rune out TV.
    (9)The Pussycat Dolls' club is in itself one big advertisement for the band, but there are also opportunities to place ads for other products in the environment. In a demo of The Lounge, a movie trailer for Warner Bros. upcoming Superman film played. Eventually, Doppelganger plans to sell music downloads and other band-related goods directly within The Lounge—a source of revenues that could supplement product placement.
    (10)"Doppelganger has to figure out a quick way for folks to buy physical things," says McGuire. The big question, as Doppelganger launches The Lounge, is whether they'll draw enough interest to gain a critical mass of users and attract mass-market advertisers. After all, no one likes to go to an empty nightclub.1.  The terrorist attack in London conveys to us the message that ______.(PASSAGE ONE)