单选题 Every group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.
People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex．They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical struetures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted．First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiting names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"). But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.

单选题 Every group of human beings has ______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查词义理解。根据文章第一段第一句“Every group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us.”可知，不管看着多不文明，每个民族都有自己的文化。根据常识可知，人的思想、信仰和生活方式都属于“文化”。所以，答案是A。

单选题 To the professional linguists, ______.

单选题 Most languages of uncivilized groups are ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查词义理解。根据文章第二段第三句“Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex.”可知，根据最严格的标准，未开化的群体中的大多数的语言都很复杂。Complex“复杂的”；adequate“足够的”；numerous“很多的”；ingenious“有独创性的，精致的”；ingenuous“坦白的”。只有C项与原文complex的意思相近。所以，答案是C。

单选题 "Backward" languages fall behind Western languages in ______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二段第四句“They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures,... but only in their vocabularies.”可知，“Backward”语言和西方语言的区别不是在于发音模式或语法结构，而是在于词汇。由此可知，答案是B。

单选题 All languages, whether civilized or not, have their own ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二段第六句“...all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion...”可知，所有语言都有语言扩展的机制。machinery意为“机构，机制”，systems意为“系统，体制”。由此可知，答案是D。

单选题 Which of the following statements is implied in the passage?

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查推理判断。根据文章第一段第二句“To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.”可知，对专业的人类学家来说，各文化之间没有固有的优越之分，就像对语言学家来说，语言没有固有的等级之分一样。根据这句话的逻辑关系我们可以推断出，作者阐述语言之间关系的目的是说明不同文化之间的关系。cast light on sth.“使某事物清楚些”。所以，答案是C。

单选题 It is implied that all cultures have to be viewed ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查推理判断。根据第一段内容可知，各种文化之间没有固有的优越之分；又根据第二段中的内容可知，所有的语言都有扩展词汇的方法，日常活动和熟悉事物都需要名称，要进行辨别，这些自然要导致形成自己的语言体系。据此推断，答案是C。

单选题 According to this passage, to learn a foreign language would require one to ______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查推理判断。根据文章第二段的倒数第三句“...objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated.”可知，学语言除了学语音、语法外，还要了解与文化相关的思想、信仰和生活方式等。语言是文化的一部分，所以，学习一门外语必须要了解该语言的文化。所以，答案是B。