复合题

Section B

Directions: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and put it in the Answer Sheet.

Passage Three

The comprehension of words is indeed a very complex psycholinguistic process. One model that psycholinguists have adopted to account for this complexity is Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP).

A clear example of the usefulness of a PDP approach to the comprehension of words is an experience many of us encounter on an almost daily basis, what psychologists term the Tip-Of-the-Tongue (TOT) phenomenon. Because our long-term memory storage is better for recognition than for recall, we often know that we know a word so that, even when we can’t recall it from our memory, it is on the tip of our tongue, and we can instantly recognize the word when it is presented to us. Psycholinguists have studied this frequent linguistic experience and have discovered several intriguing aspects of the TOT phenomenon. For one thing, the momentarily lost word isn’t always completely forgotten; parts of the word are often subject to recall and, most commonly, these remembered fragments are the first letters or the first syllable. Another intriguing aspect is that although we cannot reproduce the word, we can instantly recognize any words that are not the one we are trying to recall.

Often we have vague memories of the beginning and the ending of TOT terms but not the middle, which is, so to speak, submerged. This so-called bathtub effect allows us to search in a dictionary, since memory of the beginning of the missing word allows us to access alphabetical files, and conversely, the memory of how the word ends allows us to use rhyming as one strategy to confirm the word we are searching for. Often, it is through these search strategies that we suddenly come up with the word, or recognize it instantly if it is presented to us.

When you first try to recall a TOT word, it seems as if your memory is a complete blank and you have absolutely no clues about the word in question. Nevertheless, the more you think about the missing term and the more you contrast it with similar but not identical words, the more pieces of knowledge you activate so that the network of associations spreads. 

单选题 What are Tip-Of-the-Tongue terms according to the passage?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】根据文章开头“Because our long-term memory storage is better for recognition than for recall, we often know that we know a word so that, even when we can’t recall it from our memory, it is on the tip of our tongue, and we can instantly recognize the word when it is presented to us”， 因为我们的长期记忆存储比回忆更有利于识别， 我们经常知道我们会一个单词， 这样， 即使我们不能从记忆中回忆出来， 它仍然在我们的舌尖上， 并且一看到这个词的时候我们可以立即识别出来。 由此可知， 我们知道但一时想不起来的词汇。
单选题 When we recall a TOT word, the long-term memory helps_____.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】根据文章第二段“For one thing, the momentarily lost word isn’t always completely forgotten; parts of the word are often subject to recall and, most commonly, these remembered fragments are the first letters or the first syllable”， 首先， 一时失语并不总是完全被忘记； 单词的某些部分经常会被回忆， 最常见的是， 这些记忆片段是第一个字母或第一个音节。 由此可知， 长期记忆帮助回想起单词的片段。
单选题 Among the following, what method has been employed in recalling a TOT word?
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】根据文章第三段“the memory of how the word ends allows us to use rhyming as one strategy to confirm the word we are searching for”， 单词如何结束的记忆允许我们使用押韵作为一种策略来确认我们正在搜索的单词。 由此可知， 使用TOT单词最后一个音节的押韵这一方法被用来回忆TOT词汇。
单选题 What does the bathtub effect suggest?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】根据文章倒数第二段“Often we have vague memories of the beginning and the ending of TOT terms but not the middle, which is, so to speak, submerged. This so-called bathtub effect...”， 我们常常对TOT术语的开头和结尾有模糊的记忆， 而对中间词却没有， 可以说， 中间词被淹没了。 所谓的浴缸效应……由此可知， 浴缸效应表明单词的开头和结尾部分很容易记住。
单选题 The author’s purpose in writing the passage is probably to _____.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】全文第一段引出介绍PDP， 第二三四段介绍了回忆词汇的心理过程。 由此可知， 作者的目的在于解释回忆TOT词汇时的积极心理过程。