填空题

Large Waist Size Linked to Higher Diabetes Rates Among Americans

A higher rate of diabetes seen among adult Americans when compared to peers in England is explained primarily by a larger waist size rather than conventional risk factors such as obesity, according to a new study. Researchers say the findings offer more evidence that accumulating fat around the mid-section poses a health risk and suggests that studies of diabetes risk should emphasise waist size along with traditional risk factors.
'Americans carry more fat around their middle sections than the English do, and that was the single factor that explained most of the higher rate of diabetes seen in the United States, especially among American women,' said James P. Smith, one of the study's authors and corporate chair of economics at RAND, a nonprofit research organisation. 'Waist size is the missing new risk factor we should be studying.'
Other authors of the study are James Banks of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, and MeenaKumari and Paolo Zaninotto of the Department of Epidemiology at University College London. The findings were published online by the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
Researchers say that Americans middle-aged and older are significantly more likely to suffer from diabetes compared to their peers in England despite a similar standard of living. About 16 per cent of American men report having diabetes as compared to 11 per cent of English men. About 14 per cent of American women have diabetes, compared to 7 per cent among English women.
An earlier study co-authored by Banks and Smith demonstrated that middle-aged Americans are less healthy than their English counterparts, although medical spending in the United States is more than twice as high as it is in the United Kingdom.
Analysing studies about the health and lifestyles of large numbers of people from the United States and England, researchers found no association between higher diabetes rates in the United States and conventional risk factors such as age, smoking, socioeconomic status or body mass index, the commonly used ratio of height and weight that is used to measure obesity and overweight. The conventional risk factors for diabetes were similar among both the American and English populations. Americans had slightly higher scores on body mass index and were a little older. The English were less educated and more likely to have smoked.
However, American men had waists that averaged three centimetres larger than their English peers and the waists of American women were five centimetres bigger than English women. American women were significantly more likely to face higher risk because of their waist size when compared to English women (69 per cent to 56 per cent), while American men had only a slightly higher waist risk than their English peers did. The higher waist size of Americans posed more risk compared to their English peers across most body mass index categories. For example, among women with normal weight, 41 per cent of American women were categorised as having high waist risk compared to 9 per cent of English women. The study concludes that waist circumference explains a substantial proportion of the higher diabetes rate in America for men and virtually all the higher rate seen among women.
Researchers say there may be many reasons why Americans have larger waists than their English peers. It may be caused by different rates of physical activities through exercise or daily activities, diet differences or perhaps other social and environmental factors such as stress that occur in the United States.
Researchers say that future research needs to address the different mechanisms that may be responsible for this association. For example, there is evidence that fat in the midsection has a different metabolism than fat carried elsewhere on the torso.
Researchers say that past evidence has shown that waist circumference is a better marker for visceral fat than other measurements. Previous studies have shown that fat cells located in a person's midsection have specific dysfunction that may be involved in the mechanisms that lead to diabetes.
The research was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging and was conducted through the RAND Labour and Population programme. The programme examines issues involving U.S. labour markets, the demographics of families and children, social welfare policy, the social and economic functioning of the elderly, and economic and social change in developing countries.

—Science Daily

填空题 Classify the following features as characterising A Americans B British C both Americans and British D neither Americans nor British Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. People's lifestyle affects their health.

填空题 People receive more education.

填空题 People carry more fat around their waist.

填空题 People have less money to spend on their medical treatment.

填空题 Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 3 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.
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