【正确答案】正确答案：Prague School is originally known as the Prague Linguistic Circle, a group of scholars with a common approach to linguistics who were working in Prague in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Of the many ideas developed in the Prague School, three points are of special importance;(2points) ① It stresses that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretical barrier is erected to separate diachronic study.(4 points) ② There was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. It was argued that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation; assessment can only be made if its relationship is established with the coexisting elements in the same language system. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition.(4 points) ③ Language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.(4 points) The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Following Saussure"s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy developed the notion of "phoneme" as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced. In classifying distinction features, he proposed three criteria: their relation to the whole contrastive system; relations between the opposing elements; their power of discrimination. These oppositions can be summarized as bilateral opposition, multilateral opposition, proportional opposition, isolated opposition, privative opposition, gradual opposition, equipollent opposition, neutralisable opposition, and constant opposition.(4 points) The Prague School is also famous for Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP). It is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances(or texts)in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the role of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole.(2 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查布拉格学派的贡献。布拉格学派有三个至为重要的观点： 首先，它强调对语言的共时研究是完全正确的，因为共时研究可以得到全面的可控制的语言材料： 其次，布拉格学派强调语言的系统特征，指出任何语言的任何成分都不可能在孤立状态下得到令人满意的分析和评价。换言之，语言成分在功能上是相对应或相对立的； 再次，布拉格学派把语言看作是语言社团用来实现一系列基本功能或任务的工具。 布拉格学派最著名的就是它在语音方面的贡献以及对语音和音位进行的区分。特鲁别茨柯依进一步完善了“音位”的概念，指出“音位”是区别于实际发出的声音而存在于语音系统的抽象单位。 为了给音位的区别特征分类，特鲁别茨何依提出三条标准：它们与整个对立系统的关系；对立成员之间的关系；区别力量的大小。这些对立又被归纳为：a)双边对立；b)多边对立；c)均衡对立；d)孤立对立；e)否定对立；f)分级对立；g)等价对立；h)抵销对立；i)永恒对立。 句子功能前景是布拉格学派的另一个重要观点。它是一套语言学分析的理论，指用信息论的原理来分析话语或篇章。其基本原则就是一句话中各部分的作用取决于它对全句意义的贡献。