SECTION 4

There are ten questions below

Effects of urban environments on animals

Introduction

Recent urban developments represent massive environmental changes. It was previously thought that only a few animals were suitable for city life, e.g.

• the 【B1】________ 一 because of its general adaptability

• the pigeon - because walls of city buildings are similar to 【B2】________In fact, many urban animals are adapting with unusual 【B3】________

Recent research

• Emilie Snell-Rood studied small urbanised mammal specimens from museums in Minnesota.

- She found the size of their 【B4】________had increased.

- She suggests this may be due to the need to locate new sources of 【B5】________and to deal with new dangers.

• Catarina Miranda focused on the 【B6】________of urban and rural blackbirds.

- She found urban birds were often braver, but were afraid of situations that were 【B7】________.

• Jonathan Atwell studies how animals respond to urban environments.

- He found that some animals respond to 【B8】________by producing lower levels of hormones.

• Sarah Partan's team found urban squirrels use their 【B9】________ to help them communicate.

Long-term possibilities

Species of animals may develop which are unique to cities. However, some changes may not be 【B10】________.

【B1】

【B2】

【B3】

【B4】

【B5】

【B6】

【B7】

【B8】

【B9】

【B10】