| Strange things have been happening to
England. Still{{U}} (1) {{/U}}from the dissolution of the empire in the
years{{U}} (2) {{/U}}World War Ⅱ, now the English find they are not even
British. As the cherished "United Kingdom" breaks into its{{U}} (3)
{{/U}}parts, Scots are clearly{{U}} (4) {{/U}}and the Welsh, Welsh.
But who exactly are the English? What's left of them, with everything but the
{{U}}(5) {{/U}}half of their island taken away? Going back in time to{{U}} (6) {{/U}}roots doesn't help. First came the Celts, then the Romans, then Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes. Invasion after invasion, until the Norman Conquest. English national identity only seemed to find its{{U}} (7) {{/U}}later, on the shifting sands of expansionism, from Elizabethan times onwards. The empire seemed to seal it. But now there's just England, {{U}}(8) {{/U}}of a green island in the northern seas, lashed by rain, scarred by two{{U}} (9) {{/U}}of vicious industrialization fallen{{U}} (10) {{/U}}dereliction, ruined, as D.H. Lawrence thought, by "the tragedy of ugliness," its abominable architecture. Of all English institutions, the one to{{U}} (11) {{/U}}on would surely be the pub. Shelter to Chaucer's pilgrims, home to Falstaff and Hal, throne of felicity to Dr. Johnson, the pub- that smoky, yeasty den of jollity-is the womb of{{U}} (12) {{/U}}, if anywhere is. Yet in the midst of this national{{U}} (13) {{/U}}crisis, the pub, the mainstay of English life, a staff driven{{U}} (14) {{/U}}into the sump of history, {{U}}(15) {{/U}}as the Saxons, is suddenly dying and evolving at{{U}} (16) {{/U}}rates. Closing at something like a rate of more than three a day, pubs have become{{U}} (17) {{/U}}enough that for the first time since the Domesday Book, more than half the villages in England no longer have one. It's a rare pub that still{{U}} (18) {{/U}}, or even limps on, by being what it was {{U}}(19) {{/U}}to be: a drinking establishment. The old{{U}} (20) {{/U}}of a pub as a place for a "session," a lengthy, restful, increasingly tipsy evening of swigging, is all but defunct. |