单选题 Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-mom to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction roams at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers, If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer' s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a "reserve" price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a "knock out", whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a "knock-out" comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.

单选题 A candle used to burn at auction sales ______.
A. because they took place at night
B. as a signal for the crowd to gather
C. to keep the auctioneer warm
D. to limit the time when offers could be made

单选题 An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers ______.
A. the current market values of the goods
B. details of the goods to be sold
C. the order in which goods must be sold
D. free admission to the auction sale

单选题 The auctioneer may decide to sell the "lots" out of order because ______.
A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyers
B. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain items
C. he wants to keep certain people waiting
D. he wants to reduce the number of buyers

单选题 An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because ______.
A. then he earns more himself
B. the dealers are pleased
C. the anction-rooms become world famous
D. it keeps the customers interested

单选题 A "knock out" is arranged ______.
A. to keep the price in the auction room low
B. to allow one dealer only to make a profit
C. to increase the auctioneer's profit
D. to help the auctioneer