单选题
You would think that people with a history of being discriminated against in the workplace might give those whom they resemble a break. But a growing body of research confirms exactly the opposite: women are just as likely as men to show, sexism toward women in hiring practices, salaries and professional mentorship. Overt displays of sexism are largely passe in the American workplace. What remains, unfortunately, is a set of subtler and more ingrained cognitive biases deeply rooted in our evolutionary and cultural past. Getting rid of them will require an honest reckoning with the inalienable fact that humans are inclined to make implicit errors in perception and even good people who actively avoid bias may nonetheless harbor subtle yet damaging stereotypes of which they are unaware. In one of the latest studies, a psychology experiment published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, senior science faculty across the U.S. were presented with identical resumes for a lab-manager job (a position that can often lead to graduate study) that differed only in the gender of the hypothetical applicant. The resume raters were statistically more likely to rate the male candidate higher on competence and hirability and were also more likely to offer the male candidate a bigger salary and greater professional mentorship. By contrast, the hypothetical female applicants were rated more likable but less hirable. Female scientists were just as likely to favor male candidates as potential hires as male scientists were. There are countless examples of bias against women by both sexes in nonscience fields, including, famously, the increase in women who were hired for orchestras when musicians auditioned behind a blind screen. It's hard to imagine why this kind of cognitive bias persists in the 21st century, especially when the achievement gaps between males and females arc closing rapidly. But this only seems puzzling because we tend to think that bias is an evil word, infected with uglyisms and the deliberate diminishing of certain kinds of people. Current research is showing that all human beings have unconscious cognitive biases—what Harvard professor Mahzarin Banaji calls "mind bugs. "These biases may have been adaptive thousands of years ago, when people lived in small, homogeneous communities and in-group favoritism might have made the difference between life and death. But they are problematic in our global 21st century world. The pervasiveness of cognitive bias is depressing. It's more comfortable to think of sexism or racism or ageism as a symptom of a few rotten apples than as a fundamental human trait. But if we're all doing it, even to ourselves ,how on earth can we move beyond the stereotypes? If we want to eliminate the perception that women are less competent than men for certain jobs held by both sexes, it's not enough to hire more women for traditionally male-dominated jobs. A more fundamental problem is that cognitive bias is rooted not only in our primitive past but also in our contemporary culture. We can't be surprised by unconscious stereotypes about women when we still embrace a culture infected with sexism in everything from popular movies to recent congressional debates.
单选题
The bias held by women against women is characterized by its A. great intensity. B. obvious obsoleteness. C. deliberate ill-intention. D. indirect expression.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解析] 细节题。根据题干定位到前两段。在文章的第二段中，作者提到了这种偏见的观点是subtler和more ingrained，subtle在本文中的意思是not immediately obvious(不是直接而明显的)，ingrained指的是deep-seated in mind(头脑中根深蒂固的)，这个并不能从表面轻易的看出来。因此选D项indirect expression(非直接表现)。另外文中也说了这种偏见不是overt，而是implicit，也是强调其隐蔽性和间接性。
单选题
To overcome cognitive biases people should start by A. acknowledging that they do have such biases. B. giving every resume an impartial rating. C. accepting these facts which prove to be true. D. knowing how harmful their stereotypes can be.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 细节题。根据题干定位到第二段。文中Getting rid of them will require an honest reckoning with the inalienable fact...表明要想去除认知偏见，就要求我们认真评估一个无法摆脱的事实。即人类可能在知觉上犯错，甚至好人也可能有先入之见。reckon with意为come to terms with(接受)，或take into account(把……考虑进去)，inalienable原意为“不可剥夺的”，在本文中指“不可回避的，无法摆脱的”。文中的意思是：要想克服偏见，必须首先承认偏见确实存在于我们身上。因此，本题答案为A项。
单选题
It is implied that fewer women have been actually hired for orchestra because A. their performances are not shown on screen. B. the auditions are carried on face-to-face. C. more males are members of the judging panel. D. women have proved less of a musician than men.
单选题
In the author's assessment, our cognitive biases A. are evil in that they have damaging social effects. B. can be deliberately diminished by calling them evil. C. are difficult to eliminate due to their deep roots. D. become stronger in small and homogeneous societies.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解析] 细节题。在文章的第二段指出，认知偏见深深地植根于人类的evolutionary and cultural past(进化史和文明史)。第五段是说其进化论上的根源，即人类为了生存要实行in-group favoritism，也就是对自己的社会以外的人实行偏见，或警惕外人。文章的最后一段指出，由于认知偏见有如此深厚的历史文化基础，因此当我们看到它们普遍存在的时候就不奇怪了。因此答案为C项。
单选题
The author considers the existence of cognitive biases to be A. astonishing. B. hypothetical. C. unsurprising. D. irrational.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解析] 态度题。文章的第四段指出，由于女性已经取得跟男人同样大的成就，所以看到认知偏见仍然存在于现代社会很难想象，但是在文章中的第五段第一句指出，我们感到难以想象(puzzling这里指上一句提到的hard to imagine)，是因为我们把“偏见”这个词看作是邪恶的贬义词。就像最后一段所说的那样，如果我们承认偏见是人类历史文化属性的一部分，我们就会对这种先人之见的普遍存在不再感到奇怪了。