Certainly the word is not likely to appear in our appreciations of living or dead writers. Every nation, every race, has not only its own creative, but its own critical turn of mind; and is even more oblivious of the shortcomings and limitations of its critical habits than of those of its creative genius. We know, or think we know, from the enormous mass of critical writing that has appeared in the French language, the critical method or habit of the French; we only conclude (we are such unconscious people) that the French are “more critical” than we, and sometimes even plume ourselves a little with the fact, as if the French were the less spontaneous. Perhaps they are; but we might remind ourselves that criticism is as inevitable as breathing, and that we should be none the worse for articulating what passes in our minds when we read a book and feel an emotion about it, for criticizing our own minds in their work of criticism. One of the facts that might come to light in this process is our tendency to insist, when we praise a poet, upon those aspects of his work in which he least resembles anyone else. In these aspects or parts of his work we pretend to find what is individual, what is the peculiar essence of the man. We dwell with satisfaction upon the poet's difference from his predecessors, especially his immediate predecessors; we endeavour to find something that can be isolated in order to be enjoyed. Whereas if we approach a poet without this prejudice we shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual parts of his work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously. And I do not mean the impressionable period of adolescence, but the period of full maturity
当然在我们对以往或现在作家的鉴赏中,这个名词不会出现。每个国家,每个民族,不但有自己的创作的 也有自己的批评的气质;但对于自己批评习惯的短处与局限性甚至于比自己创作天才的短处与局限性更容 易忘掉。从许多法文论著中我们知道,或自以为知道了,法国人的批评方法或习惯;我们便断定(我们是 这样不自觉的民族)说法国人比我们“更挑剔”,有时候甚至于因此自鸣得意,仿佛法国人比不上我们来得 自然。也许他们是这样;但我们自己该想到批评是像呼吸一样重要的,该想到当我们读一本书而觉得有所 感的时候,我们不妨明白表示我们心里想到的种种,也不妨批评我们在批评工作中的心理。在这种过程中 有一点事实可以看出来;我们称赞一个诗人的时候,我们的倾向往往专注于他在作品中和别人最不相同的 地方。我们自以为在他作品中的这些或这些部分看出了什么是他个人,什么是他的特质。我们很满意地谈 论诗人和他前辈的异点,尤其是和他前一辈的异点,我们竭力想挑出可以独立的地方来欣赏。实在呢,假 如我们研究一个诗人,撇开了他的偏见,我们却常常会看出:他的作品,不仅最好的部分,就是最个人的 部分也是他前辈诗人最有力地表明他们的不朽的地方。我并非指易接受影响的青年时期,乃指完全成熟的时期。