探究科研领域的发展趋势 ——1996年英译汉及详解 The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.【F1】 Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.【F2】 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.【F3】 This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good" as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.【F4】 However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world" s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 【F5】 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

问答题【F1】

【正确答案】正确答案：在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：分词结构和并列结构。该句由两个简单句组成，包含some…others这个并列结构。这些诸如not only…but also，either…or…等等的并列结构都有固定的译法，而且，由于并列句子的结构相似，经常可以互相参照理解，如本句中由some of these causes可知others指的是other causes；consequences的意思也和results基本相同。第二个简单句中，介宾短语in science being to some extent self-accelerating修饰advances，其中分词结构being self-accelerating为现在分词作定语，修饰particular advances in science，而不仅仅是science，翻译时把原来的分词结构动词化处理，译成“科学上某些特定发展自我加速”。

问答题【F2】

【正确答案】正确答案：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法。本句的主干结构是：主句+when引导的时间状语，when=at that time当时，那时。第一个that从句是主句宾语the conclusion的同位语。that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是定语从句中的主语从句。cannot generally be foreseen in detail是demands that…引导的宾语从句的谓语。trend“趋势”；came to the conclusion“得出结论”；the specific demands“具体要求”：make of“向…提出”；scientific establishment“科研机构”：in detail“详尽”。

问答题【F3】

【正确答案】正确答案：给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：定语修饰成分和翻译中状语的位置。这是一个简单句。句子的主干是This seems…done by…。主语this实际上是指前文的problem。根据汉语的搭配习惯，done在句中应指问题的“解决”，mostly effectively对它进行修饰：research后接的related to…和of possible…是两个由but连接的并列的修饰语，可以译成前置定语，但是在某些情况下(如定语太长)，根据汉语习惯亦可用“这”或“这些科研”代替research，而把定语单独成句。by+V—ing结构在这里是表示方式：“通过…”，作状语，在中文翻译时一般前置。

问答题【F4】

【正确答案】正确答案：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人人胜的课题的。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：“so…that”从句和不定式作状语。句子的主干是：the world is so made that…；that引导结果状语从句，be made意为“构成”，主干的意思是“世界就是这样创建的，以至…”。elegant和下面第

问答题【F5】

【正确答案】正确答案：题中的elegance都与systems，thought，subjects有关，显然不能译成“优雅的”，这里elegant systems应该译为“完美的体系”.此外亦可从作者的口气推断．它是想说一种表面上看起来很好的理论实际上却无法解决世界上的某些问题。同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：省略句和as引导的原因状语从句。这个句子的主干是New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…，句中as well as“和，以及”，连接两个并列主语，must arise作句子的谓语。as they have in the past为方式状语，as就像是…，同…一样。giving rise to…作伴随状语。New forms of thought“新的思维方式”；new subjects for thought“新的思维对象”；arise“出现”；giving rise to“给出，产生，带来”；new standards of elegance“完美的新标准”。