The following data is available on a company:
| Metric | ($ millions) |
| Total assets | 145 |
| Total revenues | 282 |
| Total expenses | 241 |
| Research & development expenses | 12 |
Under a common-size analysis, the value used for research & development expenses is closestto:
The appropriate base for a common-size income statement is revenue. As such, the value used for research & development expenses is $12 million÷S282 million × 100 = 4.25%.