单选题
Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment. (6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning. The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure. "Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) ," wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. " (17) , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression," they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.
单选题
[A] embodied [B] included [C] concluded [D] consisted
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句是承接第一句，对实验对象的构成进行说明。只有include有“包括”的意思而且为及物动词。四个选项中，首先排除[A]和[C]，两者均不具有“由……构成”或“包括”之类的含义。[A] embodied用法举例：The letter embodies all her ideas．这封信代表了她全部的看法。[C] concluded用法举例：The meeting concluded after two hours．两个小时后会议结束了。[D] consisted虽然也有“包含”之意，但它是不及物动词，不能直接加宾语，它通常与of构成搭配，consist of用法举例：The audience consisted mainly of teenagers．观众主要是由青少年组成。
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句承接前一句内容，继续对实验群体进行说明。根据上文可知，这些女孩并没有患抑郁症，然后用but转折，指出她们的妈妈______复发性抑郁症，空格处可填“有过，患过”，选项中experienced符合句意。[B] undertook用法举例：We will undertake the construction of the bridge．我们将承担桥的修建工程。[C]subjected用法举例：How can you subject her will to your own?你怎么能让她服从你的意愿呢?[D] experimented用法举例：She began to experiment with chemical agents．她开始用化学制剂进行试验。由上下文语境和动词词义判断，[B]、[C]和[D]均不符合题意。
单选题
[a] personal [B] unique [C] private [D] single
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解题思路] 根据本句分析可知，其表达含义是将患病风险高、有家族病史和患病风险低、没有个人或家族病史的两组成员进行比较。and前是个人没有病史但是母亲有，因此本句是女孩们没有个人和家族病史，即[A] personal为正确答案。[B] unique强调“独一无二的”，用法举例：Each person's finger prints are unique．每个人的指纹是独一无二的。而患抑郁症不存在是否是独一无二的问题。[C] private一般用于强调“个人隐私”，用法举例：He has a private jet．他有一架私人喷气式飞机。此处并不涉及隐私问题。[D] single意思与原文不符，用法举例：I want a single room with bath．我想要一问带浴室的单人间。
【答案解析】[解题思路] 空格前出现MRI brain______．根据常识可知，一般对要分析脑部某个器官的功能，最好做脑部扫描，所填词[D] scans与其构成同定搭配，意为“核磁共振成像脑部扫描”。[A] explorations用法举例：Humanity have made great progress in space exploration．人类在太空探险领域取得了巨大进步。[C] detections用法举例：Early detection of the disease is vital．早点发现疾病是至关重要的。
单选题
[A] result from [B] suppose to [C] result in [D] lead in
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句末reward和punishment都是任务的结果，所以[C] result in符合文意。[A] result from强调事情的起因，其后接的是原因而非结果，用法举例：Success results from hard work．成功来自努力工作。[B]suppose to是假设而非事实，用法举例：How can I suppose to live without you?如果没有你，我怎么活下去?[D] lead in用法举例：The usher led the guests in．招待员把客人引领进来。
单选题
[A] Made [B] Regarded [C] Insisted [D] Compared
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解题思路] 根据上一题对第一段末句的分析可知，本句是将两组实验结果进行对比，而且所填词要与with搭配。[D] Compared与with搭配，意为“和某物作比较”，符合题意。[A] Made with用法举例：what do we make with flour?我们用面粉做些什么?[B] Regarded with用法举例：They regarded those homeless children with great sympathy．他们非常同情那些无家可归的孩子。[C] Insisted通常不与with搭配，而与on搭配构成词组insist on，用法举例：I insist on an immediate answer．我坚持要立即给予答复。
单选题
[A] stronger [B] weaker [C] lower [D] higher
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[解题思路] 根据后一句“有高患病风险的女孩在大脑被称做背侧前扣带皮质的部位几乎没有______”，从no得知，本句所表达的反应应该与后一句一致，为负面反应，因此[B] weaker为正确答案。[A] stronger意义相反．可以排除。[C] lower不含有反应“微弱”之意，用法举例：Holiday prices are lower out of season．在度假淡季，度假费用较低。[D] higher用法举例：People always look forward to lower risks and higher earnings．人们总是期待较低的风险与较高的收益。
【答案解析】[解题思路] 根据上题中对本句的句意分析可知，本句是进一步说明结果的具体情况，表示进一步说明的只有[C] Specifically。[A] Directly一般不单独使用，而是用在句中修饰动词或形容词，用法举例：We went directly to the factory．我们直接就到工厂去了。[B] Hardly也不单独使用，一般置于句首，后面句子须采用倒装形式，用法举例：Hardly could I believe the news．我几乎不能相信这个消息。[D] Initially可以单独使用，也可以放在句中，用法举例：Initially，one has nothing，but a fantastic dream and confidence based on air．最初拥有的只是梦想，以及毫无根据的自信。但是本段中没有出现时间先后问题，所以排除[D]。
单选题
[A] movement [B] sign [C] symbol [D] activation
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句与首句是递进关系，因此空白处需填人一个与responses意义相近的词，四个选项中，只有[D] activation与responses意思相近，都是对某种刺激的反应。[A] movement只是单纯的运动，用法举例：Without the movement of energy，resurrection is not possible．如果没有能量运动，恢复是不可能的。[B]sign与[C]symbol意思相近，也没有刺激反应的意思。
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句是复杂的长句。前半句是主句，后半句是定语从句，对大脑部位the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex加以说明。根据对前半句的分析，患病风险高的女孩之所以没有反应是因为此部位的作用是“强化”以前的经历以辅助学习，因此[A] reinforcing为正确答案。过去的经历是不能改善的，故排除[B] improving。“淡化或减弱”过去的经历不会对学习有帮助，故排除[C] weakening。[D] slacking用法举例：Business is slacking just now．目前生意萧条不振。
单选题
[A] why [B] when [C] wherever [D] whereas
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[解题思路] 此处意为“患病风险高的女孩在大脑这个部位有很强的反应，与其他女孩相比，______接受惩罚”，可知，这里缺少的是引导时间状语从句的词，所以[B] when为正确答案。[A] why引导原因状语从句，用法举例：This is why he came here．这就是他来这里的原因。此处不存在因果关系，故排除。[C] wherever引导让步状语从句，用法举例：Wherever you go，you should do your work well．不论你到什么地方，都要把工作做好。[D] whereas表示转折关系，用法举例：Some people like coffee，whereas others like tea．有人喜欢咖啡，然而也有人喜欢茶。所以[C]和[D]也排除。
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句是一个比较句，在______information about loss and punishment和information about reward and pleasure之间进行比较。空格填入的词应当与information搭配，[A] processing符合题意。[B]counting用法举例：Let me count the number of characters．我来数一数一共有多少字。[C] employing一般指雇佣工人，用法举例：She was employed as a programmer．她受雇为程序员。[D] implying用法举例：His words implied great displeasure．他的话暗示出他很不高兴。
单选题
[A] after [B] among [C] with [D] during
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句再一次说明实验结果，during reward(在接受奖赏的时候)，符合整句的逻辑，故[D] during正确。本文的实验都是在受到某种刺激的过程中来检测大脑某部位的反应，而不是事后的反应，故排除[A]after。[B] among通常表示在三者或三者以上之间，用法举例：She lives in that house among the trees．她住在树林中的那座房子里。[C] with用法举例：Would you like to go with us?你愿意和我们一起去吗?
【答案解析】[解题思路] 该题所在句的大意为：在接受奖赏时，考虑到通常观察时纹状体区域活化作用的减少，她们的奖赏处理系统看起来似乎已经被严重______了。文章第二段首句提到“发病率高的一组成员在期望和接受奖赏方面神经反应都比较弱。”由此可知发病率高的女孩的大脑接受奖赏处理系统很可能是受到损害，因此[B]impaired为正确答案。[A] repaired指原先受损的东西得到修复，如果得到修复．那么反应就不会微弱；[C] healed意思相反，应排除；[D] damaged虽有“损坏”之意，但是一般不指身体部位的损伤，主要是指对物体的损害，用法举例：They have damaged the electrical equipment．他们毁坏了这台电子设备。
单选题
[A] because [B] and [C] hence [D] although
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解题思路] 根据前一题分析，who are at elevated risk for depression (她们有很高的患病率)与they have not yet experienced a depressive (她们还没有经历)之间存在转折关系，所以[D] although正确。[A] because表示原因，引导原因状语从句；[B] and表示并列；[C] hence用法举例：We suspect they are trying to hide something，hence the need for an independent．inquiry．我们怀疑他们在企图隐瞒什么事，因此有必要进行独立调查。
单选题
[A] anecdote [B] time [C] episode [D] process
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句需要填一个与depressive搭配的名词。患抑郁症并不是奇闻，[A]可排除。[B] time指某个时间点，没有一段时间的意思，而患抑郁症是一段时间。[D] process表示“过程，步骤”，也不符合题意。[C] episode有表示“人生的一段经历”的意思，用法举例：This is an important episode in the artist's life．这是这位艺术家一生中一次重要的经历。患抑郁症应是一段经历，故正确答案为[C]。
【答案解析】[解题思路] 本句说明的是实验的结果。“不规则的活化作用是否与______抑郁症有关”，通过对前文分析可知，这些参与实验的女孩并没有患抑郁症，研究的是患病风险的高低，因此[A]正确。[B] inadequate用法举例：The failure in the examination could be due to my inadequate revision．考试的失败可能是由于我没有充分地复习。[C] sequential用法举例：The major advantage to sequential systems is their low cost．顺序存取系统的主要优点是成本低。[D] frequent用法举例：Revolution is a frequent outgrowth of tyranny．革命是暴政促成的常见结果。