填空题 1.  The Formation of Civilization
    The criteria for a body of people to be considered a civilization includes the construction of permanent settlements, the use of agriculture for food, the emergence of a leadership class, the worship of one or more deities, and the development of art and writing. For most of human history, these features were beyond the reach of the roving bands of hunter-gatherers whose primary concern was obtaining food. Some tribes may have settled in areas to hunt, fish, or gather fruits or nuts for short periods, but their shelters were not permanent, and they inevitably moved on when their food supplies became exhausted.
    This changed once humans discovered how to farm. Agriculture developed at different times around the world, but sometime around 8000 B.C., people in the Middle East learned how to sow wild grains to produce crops. Since raising crops takes time, these individuals built permanent shelters and stood guard over their plants to protect them from other people and wild animals. This required a degree of organization and specialization, so people began doing various tasks. Some worked the land, others protected the settlements, and others raised animals or made crafts such as pottery and woven baskets. Hunter-gatherer groups had always had leaders; therefore, it was natural for them to emerge in these permanent settlements. Because agriculture depended upon good weather and timely rain or floodwaters, people started worshipping deities and praying for sunshine and rain.
    Over time, the practice of agriculture led to population explosions and the founding of civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and the Indus Valley. The leaders became kings, the protectors became soldiers, the shamans who prayed to deities became priests in organized religions, and the majority of people became peasants who farmed the land and worked on massive construction projects in honor of their kings and gods. Craftsmen also began creating beautiful works of art, and, in some places, writing was developed to record history and to communicate with others. In these places, civilization was born.
    *hunter-gatherer: a human that has no permanent home but wanders the land while hunting, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, grains, and vegetables
    *shaman: a person that acts as an intermediary between the real world and the spirit world
    An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
    Thousands of years ago, hunter-gatherers learned to farm the land and then developed civilizations based around the permanent settlements they established.
    ANSWER CHOICES
    ①There are still some groups of people in the world who can be said not to have established civilizations yet.
    ②Once people started settling down in one place, individuals began taking on roles such as those of king, soldier, shaman, and peasant.
    ③Some of the first civilizations were established in China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley.
    ④Having organized religions, creating art, and developing writing systems are three of the characteristics of human civilizations.
    ⑤It was necessary for people to learn how to raise crops by farming the land for them to start establishing civilizations.
    ⑥Most of the people in the earliest civilizations were peasants who had to farm the land and serve their masters.