【正确答案】Chomsky distinguished the two terms of competence and performance. A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.
Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as LANGUE and PAROLE. While parole constitutes the immediately accessible data, the linguist's proper object is the langue of each community; the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual by his upbringing in society and on the basis which he speaks and understands his language.
Chomsky pointed out that his distinction between competence and performance is related to the langue-parole distinction of Saussure; but he does not accept the view of seeing langue as a mere systematic inventory of items. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performances the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user. Saussure believed that language was a social product and while Chomsky studied competence and performance on the basis that "linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker- listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-community who knows its language perfectly". He considered competence a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure studied language from the sociological viewpoint while Chomsky studied language by taking the psychological viewpoint.

【答案解析】[解析] 此题考查了索绪尔所提出的Langue(语言)和Parole(言语)，以及乔姆斯基所提出的competence(语言能力)和performance(语言运用)。乔姆斯基主要从心理语言学的角度分析了语言，他将一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在意识称之为他的语言能力，而语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。他认为语言学家的任务是从语言运用的数据中确定语言使用者已经掌握的潜在规则系统。索绪尔所采取的是社会语言学的角度，他用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和语言上(表达)的实际表现或语料。他认为，虽然言语是即时可取的材料，但语言学家的正确研究对象应该是每个团体的语言。