单选题 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as proto science. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process; through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not research. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. " But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility " happens" to a discovery claim-a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason. "

单选题 According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ______.

A. uncertainty and complexity
B. misconception and deceptiveness
C. logicality and objectivity
D. systematicness and regularity

单选题 It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires ______.

A. strict inspection
B. shared efforts
C. individual wisdom
D. persistent innovation

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[考点] 推理题 [解析] 定位到文章的对应句子：This is the credibility process，根据句中的This回到前一句：But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. 句中：it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance对应选项B的shared efforts. 共同的努力，在这篇文章的原文出处中有这样的表达：But it takes communal scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a full-fledged discovery. 这里出题人有意将communal改为了大家认识的collective, full-fledged。本题干扰项为：strict inspection. ；本身这个选项是正确的，只是这段的主题讲的就是如何将一个的东西变为集体的东西，所以优先考虑。

单选题 Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it ______.

A. has attracted the attention of the general public
B. has been examined by the scientific community
C. has received recognition from editors and reviewers
D. has been frequently quoted by peer scientists

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[考点] 细节题 [解析] 首先直接对应三段最后一句：As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery. B. 被科学的机构检查之后符合As a discovery claim works it through the community，的说法；但是这个表述本身的缺陷在于结果不明确，被检查了有两种结果：接受和不被接受；如果是不被接受那么就不可能变得credible，如果选择C. has received recognition from editors and reviewers又只是谈到了其中一个环节，不如B全面，和紧扣主题：知识的认可是集体的认可。