单选题
All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common, including the sky god, the lord of storms, and the morning and evening star. (1) the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility, love, and war, she was evidently lower (2) status than the male gods, indicating that in a more urbanized society the (3) that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had (4) . The gods seemed hopelessly violent and (5) , and one's life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that (6) were created to enable the gods to (7) up working. Each city moreover had its own god, who was considered to (8) the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city. (9) the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the (10) of the economic produce of the city were favored (11) their supernatural and material functions (12) . When, after 3000 B. C. , growing warfare among the cities made military leadership (13) , the head of the army who became king assumed a(n) (14) position between the god, whose agent he was, and the priestly class, whom he had both to use and to (15) Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society. (16) them were the scribes, the secular attendants of the temple, who (17) every aspect of the city's economic life and who developed a rough judicial system. (18) the temple officials, society was divided among an elite or (19) group of large landowners and military leaders; a mixed group of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, free peasants who (20) the majority of the population; and slaves.
【答案解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。空格所在部分为分词结构作状语,即indicating that...。其中that引导宾语从句,空格处填入的名词为从句的主语。该名词后又跟有that引导的定语从句,that the peoples... goddess。将空格处的名词,即that代替的先行词放回定语从句,其完整结构是:the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess。选项中四个名词为近义词,[A]worship(祟拜,敬仰);[B] reverence(尊敬,崇敬);[C]admiration(钦佩,赞赏,羡慕);[D]gratitude(感谢)。从含义上看,人类对神应该是“崇拜”或“崇敬”,因此A和B比较恰当。其次,句中的搭配是pay sth.to sb..,表示“付出某事物给某人”。常用于这种搭配的是reverence及其同义词respect,pay reverence/respect to意为“尊敬,向……致敬”。因此选B。
【答案解析】本题考查动词词义辨析。空格处填入动词,其宾语是the temple(庙宇),其逻辑主语是who替代的名词 god(神)。选项中的四个动词为近义词,都可表示“居住”,但能够作及物动词的只有[A]inhabit(居住在,栖息于),是正确项。其它项意为“居住”时都只能作不及物动词,如live in a house(住在一所房子里)。 This family has resided in this city for 60 years.(这个家族住在本城已有60年了。)lodged at a friend's house.(我寄住在一个朋友家里。)live也可作及物动词,后面接同源宾语,意为“(以某种方式)生活,过日子”,如She lived a simple life.(她过着简约的生活。)
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】本题考查语法。空格处填入的副词出现在句首,表示空格所在分句与上文的逻辑关系。[A]Hence表示因果关系,意为“因此,所以”;[B]Thereafter表示时间关系,意为“其后,从那时以后”;[C]Somehow(由于某种未知的原因,不知怎么地);[D]Incidentally(顺便提一句;偶然地,附带地)。空格上一句提到,神是城市里所有财产的拥有者。空格所在分句的主叶:结构是the priests were favored,the priests后who引导的一个较长的定语从句指出,僧侣诠释神的意志。因此两个分句之间是因果逻辑关系,即,神的权力很大,因此诠释神的意志的人受到青睐。A正确。
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。空格处填入名词,和后面的定语of the economic produce of the city一起作 controlled的宾语。[A]introduction(采用,引进,推行);[B]transaction(办理,处理);[C]distribution(分配,分布,分发,分送);[D]provision(提供,供给)。由上文可知,神是所有财产的拥有者,而僧侣诠释神的意志,因此僧侣负责产品的“分配”,C正确。
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】本题考查介词用法辨析。空格所在句子的主干结构是the priests were favored,后面紧跟着的介词短语“_____ their supernatural and material functions”作状语。用在动词后,[A]as(作为,当作);[B]for(为了,因为),[C]under(在……下面;根据,按照;受……影响);[D]of用在某些动词后,接动作所涉及的人或事。根据句意,应选表原因的介词,即B。
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】本题考查副词用法辨析。空格处填入的词出现在句末,用在两个并列的名词,supernatural(functions) and material functions之后。有这种用法的是[D]alike,它作副词时可用在提到的两个人或两种事物之后,意为“两者都,同样地”。其他项都可作副词,但不符合文意。[A]along(向前);[B]anyway(不管怎样);[C]afterwards(以后,后来)。
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】本题考查形容词词义辨析。空格所在部分是when引导的时间状语从句,其主干结构是warfare made military leadership...,空格处填入的形容词作宾补。[A]additional(附加的,另外的);[B]vital(至关重要的);[C]singular(单数的;非凡的,显著的);[D]exceptional(杰出的,优秀的,异常的,特别的)。根据句意,应该是“战争使军事领导才能更显重要”,因此B正确。
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】本题考查形容词词义辨析。空格所在句子的主干是:the head of the army assumed a(n) ___ position between the god and the priestly class。[A]alternative(可供替换的);[B]secondary(次要的,从属的); [C]intermediate[(两地、两物、两种状态等)之间的,中间的];[D]fundamental(基本的,根本的)。由于下文提到,“居于神和僧侣阶层之间的”,因此选C。
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】本题考查动词词义辨析。空格所在部分是whom引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the priestly class。将先行词放入从句中,句子的完整形式是:He had the priestly class both to use and to ____ ,其中both...and连接两个并列的不定式作后置定语。可见,空格处填入的动词的逻辑宾语是“僧侣阶层”。[A]pacify(使……平静,抚慰);[B]tempt(诱惑,鼓动);[C]suppress(镇压,压制);[D]manipulate[操纵,(暗中)控制]。从上文可知,国王和僧侣都是神的代言人,但国王居于僧侣之上,因此他们之间的关系不应是“诱惑”或“镇压”。如果选择manipulate,与咖在含义上出现重复,也应排除。A正确。
【答案解析】本题考查动词词义辨析。空格处填入一动词,其逻辑主语是who替代的先行词the scribes(书吏),逻辑宾语是后面接的名词短语every aspect of the city's economic life。[A]supervised(监督,管理,指导), [B]held[拥有,持有;(军事意义上的)控制,守卫];[C]managed[管理,负责(公司、球队、组织等)];[D] presided[主持(会议、仪式等))。根据句意,书吏监督城市经济生活的方方面面,选A。
【答案解析】本题考查形容词词义辨析。空格处填入的形容词与elite(上层的,精英的)并列修饰group,指的是下文提到的这样一群人(large landowners and military leaders)的特点。[A]leading(最重要的,最成功的); [B]noble(品质高尚的;贵族的,高贵的);[C]controlling一般作动名词,而不作形容词;[D]principal(主要的,最重要的)。由于上下文谈论的是社会阶层,选B。
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】本题考查动词词义辨析。空格处填入一动词,其逻辑主语是who代替的先行词free peasants,宾语是 the majority of the population。从含义上首先排除C和D。[C]compile[编写(书、列表、报告等)];[D] consume(消耗,消费)。A和B都有“组成”的含义,但consist是不及物动词,要与介词搭配,consist of意为“由……组成”;compose是及物动词,意为“组成,构成(一个整体)”。因此选B。