阅读理解
Perhaps the most important defining characteristic of a human being is culture. The term culture as used here is not limited to operas, paintings, and other artistic endeavors. These are seen by anthropologists as examples of culture: culture itself is the customary manner in which human groups learn to organize their behavior and thought in relation to their environment. Defined in this manner, culture has three principal aspects; behavioral, perceptual and material. The behavioral component refers to how people act, especially how they interact with each other. In child rearing, for example, parents and children tend to interact in a relatively patterned fashion. Then there is the manner of perception, the ways people perceive the world. For example, parents have a limited range of ideas about how they should act, and what significance parenthood carries in the scheme of things. Finally, there is the material component of culture-the physical objects that we produce. Most of what goes into making up culture is a result of learning-modifying behavior in response to experience within an environment, Learning is practically universal among organisms. But no other organism has a greater capacity for learning than a human, or depends as much on learned behavior for its survival. While the survival of most other organisms is to some extent safeguarded by instincts, humans rely heavily on culture for their survival. People must learn how to live in a particular social and physical setting, biology playing but a minimal(最小限度的)role. The ideas and modes of behavior that constitute culture are transmitted largely by a complex system of symbols that includes language. Humans have evolved an extremely complex system of communication that is unique to our species. Without it the creation of human culture as we know it would be impossible.
单选题1.What is the definition of culture by anthropologists?
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】第一段第三句提到“culture itself is the customary manner in which human groups learn toorganize their behavior and thought in relation to their environment．”B项与此相符，故为正确答案。
单选题2.According to the passage, the behavior of making tools for producing material objects should fall within the category of______component of culture.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】第一段最后一句提到“Finally，there is the material component of culture-the physicalobjects that we produce．”，可见，人们制造工具的行为应属于文化的物质成分。文化中的行为成分指的是人们之间“especially how they interact with each other．”，故排除A。文化中的感知行为指的是人们对世界的感知方式，故排除B。D在文中并未提及。
单选题3.Learning is most essential for______,
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】第三段第二句提到“People must learn how to live in a particular social and physical set一ting，biology playing but a minimal(最小限度的)role．”，可见，人类要想生存在社会上，学习是极为必要的。选项D正确。
【答案解析】文中最后一句话说“Without it the creation of human culture as we know it would be impos—sible．”，没有交流，人类文化就不可能产生。所以D项正确。第二段第三句说没有任何生物比人的学习能力强，但不：是说只有人类有学习能力，所以A项不正确。第三段最后一句提到，人类必须学会：在特定的社会环境中生存，而生理因素发挥很小的作用，故B项不正确。