阅读理解 It has been established that in business, there are three phases of a business's development, aptly illustrated by a military analogy. As in war, the business is first initiated by "commandos", then stabilized by the "army", and finally kept going by the "police". In each of the three phases, the business drastically changes, and the role of each preceding agent is minimized to the point of exclusion.
In the first stage, the business does not yet even exist. The "commandos", innovative, revolutionary thinkers with an abundance of energy and ideas, burst onto the scene, creating a business model and taking the risks necessary to start a successful business. These mavericks go about starting the business using their own methods, heedless of convention or tradition. Doing whatever it takes to get the project off the ground, they literally make something out of nothing, creating a company out of seemingly thin air.
In the next phase, the business has been established, but remains a fledgling company, precarious in its position in the market. At this point, the "army" moves in, picking up where the commandos left off. Although less risk is taken by the "army" of managing entrepreneurs, they work within the established rules to propel the company into a larger and more stable, secure position, seizing market share and establishing a brand name. The "army" is the team that makes a good idea great, pumping the company full of revenue to allow it to further grow and expand.
In the last stage, the "police" come in and keep the peace. Whereas the "commandos" got the ball rolling and the "army" came in to make it roll faster, the "police" simply make sure that it keeps rolling and doesn't slow down. The "police" force is comprised of grunt workers who perform the day-to-day operations of the business. Without these workers, the business would quickly collapse in on itself, having grown too large to be sustainable. The "police" will not innovate or infuse any new ideas or concepts into the business, but will ensure that the momentum is maintained and that the business doesn't lose any ground in terms of market share.
The three phases cannot coexist indefinitely, however. As the "army" rolls in, the "commandos" will find themselves limited in their ability to take chances and innovate. Those gambles and innovations, vital to getting the company started, now pose undue risk to the company's continued health and growth. When the "police" of grunts and middle management take their place in the forefront, the commandos will often leave, preferring to apply their talents elsewhere where they're more welcome and appropriate.

单选题 16.It is true of a business that has been established but not yet fully developed that______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】属信息归纳题。相关信息在第三段第三句：尽管从事管理的企业家“军队”承担的风险相对较小，但是他们在已确立的规章制度下工作，把公司推向更大规模、更稳定、更安全的位置，进而占领市场份额，树立品牌。由此可知，选项B正确。选项A中的ingenious dynamic innovators指的是“突击队”，他们的工作是开创公司而不是发展公司，故选项A表述错误。选项C描述的是“警察”的工作，其工作应出现在公司的稳定期，而不是公司初创期。选项D与最后一段第一句内容不符，原文说这三个阶段不能无限期地同时存在。

单选题 17.In paragraph 2, "These mavericks go about starting the business using their own methods, heedless of convention or tradition. " means that______.

单选题 18.According to the text, all of the followings are true except that______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】属事实细节题。选项A符合第一段的意思：一个企业的发展要经历三个阶段，每个阶段，企业都会发生巨变，前面发挥作用的人的角色被最大限度地淡化直到被排除在外。选项C与最后一段内容相符：这三个阶段不能无限期地同时存在。“军队”进人之后，“突击队”会发现他们冒险和革新的能力受到了限制，而且还对公司的持续健康的发展造成了不应该有的危险。当“警察”占据了前线上的位置，突击队经常会离开。选项D与第二段第三句内容相符：“突击队”创办公司时不考虑约定俗成的陈规或传统。由此可知，只有选项B与第三段内容不符：企业一旦建立起来，是“军队”而不是“普通工人”能为公司注入很多收入，使它能进一步发展壮大。

单选题 19.The main point of paragraph 5 is that______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】属主旨思想题。第五段第一句指出：然而，这三个阶段不能无限期地同时存在。下文是具体的分析说明。由此可推知，选项C正确(“突击队”、“军队”和“警察”在企业发展中都扮演着非常重要的角色，但这些角色并不总能重叠的)。选项A与第三段第二句不符：企业建立起来后，“军队”进驻，接替突击队继续工作。选项B中的only用词不准确，与第五段第一句不符；选项D曲解了第五段第二句的内容(“军队”进入之后，“突击队”会发现他们冒险和革新的能力受到了限制)，由此不能说明“突击队”使用的战术出了第一阶段后就不适用了，只是他们的部分能力受到了限制。

单选题 20.The main purpose of this text is to______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】属主旨思想题。文章第一段第一句就是本文的中心思想：人们已经接受了这样一种说法：在商业中，一个企业的发展要经历三个阶段，一个军事比喻可以恰当地把它说明清楚。由此可知，选项C正确(其中prevailing hypothesis与原文的has been established是同义表达)。选项A与本句的内容不符，比较的目的是为了让读者更清楚这三个阶段；选项B中的successful用词错误，原文并未说这是成功的企业经历的三个阶段；选项D在文中没有明确说明。