翻译题 Since culture is defined briefly as 'the totality of beliefs and practices of a society,' nothing is of greater strategic importance than the language through which its beliefs are expressed and transmitted and by which most interaction of its members takes place.
        46    The relation between language and culture would not constitute such serious difficulties for cross-cultural understanding if it were not for the numerous misconceptions about language and its function within a society. Perhaps the most serious misconception is the idea that each language more or less controls the way people think, sometimes expressed as 'We think the way we think because we talk the way we talk.'     47    It is true that the particular structures of a language may reflect to a certain degree the way people think and they may be said to form 'the paths for thinking,' but they do not determine what or how people must think. Languages are too open-ended and human imagination is too creative to ever be rigidly ruled by the regulations of any feature of language.
    Some people have thought that each language is so distinct that there is no valid way in which the discourses of one language can be translated into another. But at least ninety percent of the fundamental structures of all languages are quite similar, and language universals far outweigh the distinctions. All languages employ figurative expressions and have a great number of literary forms.     48    One language-culture may emphasize the development and use of particular genres, e.g. epic poetry or animal folktales, which another language-culture may seldom employ and may even strongly reject. But the people of any language-culture have sufficient imagination and experience to understand how the people of another language-culture may rightly differ in their behavior and values, since the behavioral differences within a single culture are usually greater than those which exist between cultures.
        49    The idea that some languages are far superior to other languages and that accordingly some cultures are far superior to other cultures is also a noted obstacle to understanding the relation between language and culture. When people speak about language superiority, they are usually talking about the literature which has been produced in such a language by creative writers. The oral and written literatures of different languages can differ considerably in quality,     50    but this is not the result of the formal structures of the language in question but of the ways in which the people of the society have invested creative talent in using the language as a medium for the production of valuable literary works. All languages have the potential for outstanding aesthetic expression. It is simply one of the 'accidents' of history which determines the emergence of literary genius.
问答题    
 
【正确答案】如果不是由于人们对语言及其社会功用存在诸多错误的看法,语言和文化的关系就不会对跨文化沟通造成这么严重的困难了。
【答案解析】文章概述:本文选自美国语言学家、翻译家尤金·奈达(EugeneA. Nida)的著作Language Culture and Translating(《语言文化和翻译》)的第七章Language and Culture(《语言与文化》)。由于人们对语言及其功能存在许多错误的认识,致使语言与文化之间的关系给跨文化的沟通造成了严重的困难。文章列举了其中三种错误的观点并予以评析。 The relation between language and culture would not constitute such serious difficulties for cross-cultural understanding if it were not for the numerous misconceptions about language and its function within a society. 本句的主干为The relation...would not constitute...difficulties...,其中介词结构between language and culture作后置定语修饰The relation, for cross-cultural understanding作状语。由if引导的从句为与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,介词结构about language and its function within a society作后置定语修饰misconceptions。 (1)The relation...would not constitute...if it were not...:本句为虚拟语气,if引导的是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,翻译时可将条件状语从句译为汉语的假设句,并颠倒原文顺序,译作“如果不是……,就不会……”。 (2)constitute such serious difficulties for cross-cultural understanding: constitute表示“构成;形成”;cross-cultural understanding表示“跨文化沟通”;for cross-cultural understanding为constitute的状语,翻译时需提前。 (3)it were not for...within a society: it表示一种笼统的情况,在汉语中往往不译出;misconceptions表示“错误的想法;误解”,此处可将名词译作动词,并增加泛指性的主语“人们”,译作“人们存在错误的看法”;about language and its function within a society为后置定语修饰misconceptions,此处根据汉语习惯,灵活译作状语:“人们对……存在错误的看法”;its function within a society直译为“在社会中的作用”,可意译为“社会功用”。 [参考译文] 由于文化被简洁地定义为“一个社会的信仰和实践之总和”,因此语言是最为重要的东西。通过语言,社会信仰得以表达和传播;借助语言,社会成员间大部分的交流得以实现。 如果不是由于人们对语言及其社会功用存在诸多错误的看法,语言和文化的关系就不会对跨文化沟通造成这么严重的困难了。其中最严重的误解可能是认为每一种语言都或多或少地控制着人们的思维方式,有时也被表述为“我们以我们的思考方式思考,是因为我们以我们谈话的方式谈话。”确实,一种语言的特定结构可能在一定程度上反映了人们的思维方式,也可以说形成了“思维的路径”,但它们并不能决定人们在思考时必然涉及的内容和必然采取的方式。语言极其开放,而且人类的想象力极富创造性,它们从来不会被某一项语言特征的规则死死地束缚住。 有些人认为语言各不相同,因此不存在一种行之有效的方式可以将一种语言的语篇翻译成另一种语言。但是,所有语言的基本结构至少有百分之九十是非常相似的,而且语言之间的共性远远大于它们之间的差异性。所有语言都使用比喻性的表达,都有众多的文学体裁。一种语言-文化可能着重发展和使用诸如史诗或动物故事等特定文学体裁,而这些体裁在另一种语言-文化中则可能很少用到,甚至会被强烈排斥。但是任何语言-文化的人们都拥有足够丰富的想象力和经验,能够理解另一语言-文化的人们与他们在行为方式和价值观上存在的合理差异性,因为一种文化内部的行为差异往往大于不同文化之间的行为差异。 有人认为某些语言比其他语言优秀得多,由此得出某些文化远远优于其他文化的结论,这种观点也是人们所共知的理解语言与文化之间关系的障碍之一。当人们谈及语言的优越性时,他们常常指的是有创造力的作家用这种语言创作的文学作品。不同语言的口头文学和书面文学在质量上会有很大差异,但这并不是这种语言的形式结构所造成的,而是这一社会的人们在将语言作为一种手段来创作有价值的文学作品的过程中展现创造才能的不同方式造成的。所有语言都有进行出色的、美的表达的潜能,只是历史的某一“偶然事件”才促成了文学天才的诞生。
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【正确答案】确实,一种语言的特定结构可能在一定程度上反映了人们的思维方式,也可以说形成了“思维的路径”,但它们并不能决定人们在思考时必然涉及的内容和必然采取的方式。
【答案解析】It is true that the particular structures of a language may reflect to a certain degree the way people think and they may be said to form 'the paths for thinking,' but they do not determine what or how people must think. 本句是一个由but连接的并列句。第一个分句中,It作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的that引导的名词性从句。该从句是一个由and连接的并列句,其中to a certain degree作reflect的状语,people think为省略了关系代词that的定语从句,修饰the way。第二个分句中,从句what or how people must think作determine的宾语。 (1)It is true that...:It为形式主语,that从句为真正的主语。在翻译时,可将形式主语It和谓语先译为一个短语“确实”,然后将主语从句译为句子的主干。 (2)they may be said to form 'the paths for thinking,':they指代前一个分句中的the particular structures of a language,该句是一个被动结构,翻译时可译成无主语的汉语句子:“可以说……”。 (3)they do not determine what or how people must think:they同样指代the particular structures of a language,从句what or how people must think为determine的宾语,宾语从句直译时意思为“人们必须思考什么或如何思考”,也可译作名词性短语“人们在思考时必然涉及的内容和必然采取的方式”。
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【正确答案】一种语言一文化可能着重发展和使用诸如史诗或动物故事等特定的文学体裁,而这些体裁在另一种语言一文化中则可能很少用到,甚至会被强烈排斥。
【答案解析】One language-culture may emphasize the development and use of particular genres, e.g. epic poetry or animal folktales, which another language-culture may seldom employ and may even strongly reject. 本句的主干为One language-culture may emphasize the development and use of particular genres。介词结构of particular genres作the development and use的后置定语,e.g. epic poetry or animal folktales为插入语,其后which引导的定语从句修饰particular genres。 (1)the development and use of particular genres:可由名词短语转译为动词短语“发展和使用……”;genres表示“(音乐或文学等艺术作品的)类型,体裁”。 (2)e.g. epic poetry or animal folktales:插入语,是对particular genres的举例,翻译时可将其处理为前置定语,修饰particular genres。 (3)which another language-culture may seldom employ and may even strongly reject:定语从句,修饰particular genres,在翻译时,重复先行词,将其译成一个分句。
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【正确答案】有人认为某些语言比其他语言优秀得多,由此得出某些文化远远优于其他文化的结论,这种观点也是人们所共知的理解语言与文化之间关系的障碍之一。
【答案解析】The idea that some languages are far superior to other languages and that accordingly some cultures are far superior to other cultures is also a noted obstacle to understanding the relation between language and culture. 本句的主干为The idea...is also a noted obstacle...。主语The idea后是由and连接的两个由that引导的同位语从句,说明The idea的内容。句末介词结构to understanding the relation between language and culture作后置定语修饰obstacle, between language and culture又作后置定语修饰the relation。 (1)The idea that...and that...:两个由that引导的同位语从句解释说明The idea的内容,由于同位语从句过长,不可译为“……的观点”,在翻译时可将同位语从句放到其先行词前,译成一个独立的句子。superior to表示“优于;比……优越”;accordingly表示“因此;从而”,表明两个that从句之间的因果关系,翻译时可根据上下文增译为“由此得出……的结论”。 (2)obstacle to understanding the relation between language and culture:介词结构to understanding...culture作后置定语修饰obstacle。在这个介词结构中,between language and culture作后置定语修饰the relation,两个后置定语均译成汉语中的前置定语。
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【正确答案】但这并不是这种语言的形式结构所造成的,而是这一社会的人们在将语言作为一种手段来创作有价值的文学作品的过程中展现创造才能的不同方式造成的。
【答案解析】but this is not the result of the formal structures of the language in question but of the ways in which the people of the society have invested creative talent in using the language as a medium for the production of valuable literary works. 本句的主语为this,系动词为is,表语部分由not...but...构成。but后承前省略了the result,完整形式应为but the result of the ways...。in which至句末为定语从句修饰the ways,在该定语从句中,介词结构in using至句末作invested creative talent的状语,其中又包括了一个方式状语as a medium和一个目的状语for the production of valuable literary works。 (1)not...but...:这一结构强调的是but...部分,由于本句过长,在翻译时需要准确判断这两个相对应的部分。 (2)this is not the result of...:直译为“这不是……的结果”,由于“结果”前定语太长,可意译为“这不是……所造成的”。 (3)formal structures表示“形式结构”;in question表示“正被讨论的;正被考虑的”,如:Where were you during the evening in question?(我们说的那天晚上你在哪儿?)in question此处可直译为“这种;该种”。 (4)in which...literary works:定语从句,修饰the ways。该定语从句结构复杂,可以化整为零,逐层翻译。invest表示“投入大量时间、精力、金钱等以成就某事”,常用结构为invest sth in sth,这里可转译为“展现;表现”,invested creative talent译为“展现创造才能”。in using...literary works为invested creative talent的状语,可以提前,译作汉语中相应的状语。在翻译整个定语从句时,将主语“这一社会的人们”按照汉语习惯放在状语的前面,然后再译出句子的谓语结构“展现创造才能”。medium尤指作家或艺术家表达思想的方法、手段、艺术形式。