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Six doctors swarmed around the body of the deceased organ donor and quickly started to operate. The kidneys came out first. Then the team began another delicate dissection, to remove an organ that is rarely, if ever, taken from a donor. Ninety minutes later they had it, resting in the palm of a surgeon’s hand: the uterus. Within the next few months, surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic expect to become the first in the United States to transplant a uterus into a woman who lacks one, so that she can become pregnant and give birth. The recipients will be women who were born without a uterus, had it removed or have uterine damage. The transplants will be temporary: The uterus would be removed after the recipient has had one or two babies, so she can stop taking transplant anti-rejection drugs.

Uterine transplantation is a new frontier, one that pairs specialists from two fields known for innovation and for pushing limits, medically and ethically — reproductive medicine and transplant surgery. If the procedure works, many women could benefit. But there are potential dangers. The recipients, healthy women, will face the risks of surgery and anti-rejection drugs for a transplant that they, unlike someone with heart or liver failure, do not need to save their lives. Their pregnancies will be considered high-risk, with fetuses exposed to anti-rejection drugs and developing inside a womb taken from a dead woman.

Dr. Andreas G. Tzakis, the driving force behind the project, said, “There are women who won’t adopt or have surrogates, for reasons that are personal, cultural or religious.” Dr. Tzakis is the director of solid organ transplant surgery at a Cleveland Clinic hospital in Weston, Fla. “These women know exactly what this is about,” he said. “They’re informed of the risks and benefits. They have a lot of time to think about it, and think about it again. Our job is to make it as safe and successful as possible.”

Dr. Tzakis said the anti-rejection drugs were safe, noting that thousands of women with donor kidneys or livers, who must continue taking anti-rejection drugs during pregnancy, had given birth to healthy babies. Those women are more likely than others to have pre-eclampsia, a complication of pregnancy involving high blood pressure, and their babies tend to be smaller. But it is not known whether those problems are caused by the drugs, or by the underlying illnesses that led to the transplants. Because the women receiving uterine transplants would be healthy, Dr. Tzakis said, he was optimistic that complication rates would be very low.

A medical ethicist not connected with the research, Jeffrey Kahn, of Johns Hopkins University, said the procedure did not set off any alarms with him. “We’re doing lots of things to help people have babies in ways that were never done before,” Dr. Kahn said. “It falls into that spectrum.” Dr. Eric Kodish, the director of the clinic’s ethics center, said that when organ transplantation started more than 50 years ago, the goal was purely to save lives, but has broadened to include improving quality of life, with for example, face and hand transplants. Dr. Tzakis, 65, said he had performed 4,000 to 5,000 transplants of kidneys, livers and other abdominal organs. To prepare for the uterine surgery, he spent time with the Swedish team, practicing in miniature swine and baboons and observing all nine of the human transplants in the operating room. He described transplantation as ethically superior to surrogacy. “You create a class of people who rent their uterus, rent their body, for reproduction,” he said of surrogacy. “It has some gravity. It possibly exploits poor women.” The Swedish team used live donors, and showed that a uterus from a woman past menopause, transplanted into a young recipient, can still carry a pregnancy. In five cases, the donor was the recipient’s mother, which raised the dizzying possibility of a woman giving birth from the same womb that produced her.

For a prospective recipient of a uterus, the process is long and complicated. To be eligible, candidates must be in a stable relationship, because they will need help and support. They must also have ovaries. The initial phase includes screening for psychological disorders or relationship problems that could interfere with a candidate’s ability to cope with a transplant and be part of a study. Candidates are also interviewed to make sure that they are not being pressured to have the transplant. Doctors use similar criteria for people receiving other types of organ transplants because the process is arduous, and patients with a strong social support system seem to fare better. Finances matter, too, because during parts of the study, recipients will have to live in Cleveland, and those from out of town will have to pay for their food and lodging.

单选题 According to the essay, uterine transplantation _____.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】根据文章第二段可知“Uterine transplantation is a new frontier...If the procedure works, many women could benefit. But there are potential dangers”， 子宫移植一旦成功， 许多妇女都能从中 获益， 她们可以通过移植子宫生育后代。 B选项正确。 子宫移植可能有潜在的危险， 由后文 可知子宫移植的风险并不是非常严重， A选项错误。 根据第一段内容可知“The transplants will be temporary: The uterus would be removed after the recipient has had one or two babies, so she can stop taking transplant anti-rejection drugs”， 移植的子宫在接受者结束分娩后就可以取出， 接受 者也可以停止服用抗排斥药物， 故移植的子宫不会永远留在接受者体内， D选项错误。 C选 项中子宫移植对肾脏的影响文中并未涉及， 排除。 故选B。 
单选题 Which of the following statements about the anti-rejection drugs is NOT correct?
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】根据文章第四段可知“Dr. Tzakis said the anti-rejection drugs were safe…Those women are more likely than others to have pre-eclampsia, a complication of pregnancy involving high blood pressure, and their babies tend to be smaller. But it is not known whether those problems are caused by the drugs, or by the underlying illnesses that led to the transplants. Because the women receiving uterine transplants would be healthy, Dr. Tzakis said, he was optimistic that complication rates would be very low”， Tzakis医生认为服用抗排斥药物很安全， 接受子宫移植的孕妇有可能会在孕期 患先兆子痫这种并发症， 生出来的孩子也可能会小一些。 这些问题是药物导致的还是致使移 植的潜在的疾病导致的， 人们不得而知。 但由于接受子宫移植的妇女很健康， 因此发病的比 率会很低。 因此A、 C、 D选项说法正确， B选项说法错误， 故选B。 
单选题 Uterine transplantation is sometimes controversial ethically. Which one of the following facts is NOT the potential cause leading to ethical problems?
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】根据文章第五段可知， 子宫移植在伦理上优于代孕， 代孕创造出了一类人， 代孕者出借她们的身体来生育， 对于那些贫穷的妇女来说代孕其实是在利用她们。 子宫移植也会出现同样的问题。 B、 D选项表述正确。 通过移植绝经妇女的子宫， 年轻女子也可生育， C选项正确； 子宫捐献者是接受者的母亲时， 可能会导致妇女分娩的子宫就是她自己出生时母亲的子宫， 进而产生混乱， 但并非母女从同一子宫内同时出生， A选项表述错误， 故选A。
单选题 What kind of people will have the better chance to receive uterine transplantation?
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】根据文章最后一段可知“To be eligible, candidates must be in a stable relationship, because they will need help and support”， 有资格进行子宫移植的候选人必须处于稳定的关系中， 因为 他们需要帮助和支持。 另外， 后文提到初始阶段包括对心理障碍或关系问题的筛选都可能会 干扰候选人应对移植的能力， 并成为研究的一部分。 候选人也接受面试， 以确保他们不会被 迫接受移植。 这一过程很艰巨， 而且有强有力的社会支持系统对病人似乎更好。 财政也很重 要， 子宫接受者必须住在克里夫兰， 而来自城外的人必须支付她们的食宿费用。 A选项表述 正确。 B选项是子宫移植的一大道德问题， 排除； 子宫移植需要资金方面的支持， 但不是指 具备承担手术、 恢复和心理治疗的费用的接受者就有机会接受子宫移植手术， C排除； D选 项是站在捐献者的角度说的， 有捐献的意愿不一定就能接受手术， 也排除， 故选A。 
单选题 The anti-rejection drugs for uterine transplantation _____.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】根据第6题先排除C选项。 根据文章第四段可知“Dr. Tzakis said the anti-rejection drugs were safe, noting that thousands of women with donor kidneys or livers, who must continue taking anti-rejection drugs during pregnancy, had given birth to healthy babies.”， Tzakis医生说， 抗排斥药物是安全的， 数以千计的拥有捐献而来的肾脏或肝脏的妇女， 她们在怀孕期间必须继续服用抗排斥药物， 所生的孩子都很健康。 且由前文可知， 移植的子宫在接受者结束分娩后就可以取出， 接受者也可以停止服用抗排斥药物。 这说明接受子宫移植的妇女在怀孕期间及分娩后都需要服用抗排斥药物。 故选D。