改错题
Certainly few people today endorse the blank slate in so many words, and I suspect that even fewer believe it in their heart of hearts. But many people still tacitly assume that nurture is everything when they write opin ion pieces, conduct research, and translate the research into policy. Most parenting advice, for example, is inspired by studies that find a correlation for 【M1】______ parents and children. Loving parents have more confident children, authorita- 【M2】______ tive parents (neither too permissive nor too punitive) have well-behaved children, parents who talk to their children have children at better language 【M3】______ skills, and so on. Everyone concludes that to rear best children, parents must 【M4】______ be loving, authoritative, and talkative, and if children don't turn in well, it 【M5】______ must be the parents' fault. But there is a basic problem with this reason, and 【M6】______ it comes from the tacit assumption that children are blank slates. Parents, remember, provide for their children with genes, not just a home environ- 【M7】______ ment. The correlations between parents and children may be telling us only that the same genes that make adults loving, authoritative, and talkative make their children self-confident, well behaved, and articulate. Until the studies are redone with adopted children (who get only their environment, not their genes, from their parents), the data are compatible among the pos- 【M8】______ sibility that genes make all the difference, the possibility that parenting makes all the difference, or anything from between. Yet in almost every 【M9】______ instance, the most extreme position—where parents are everything—is the 【M10】______ only one researchers entertain.