【正确答案】The differences between a good language learner and a poor language learner mainly lie in the differences of their learning strategies and learning styles. Learning strategies refer to methods that students use to learn. This ranges from techniques for improved memory to better studying or test-taking strategies. Many scholars have classified language learning strategies into different types; however, most of these attempts to classify language learning strategies reflect more or less the same categorizations of language learning strategies without any radical changes.
Based on the cognitive psychology, O'Malley and Chamot divide language learning strategies into three main categories: metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies, and social-affective strategies.
Metacognitive strategies are those strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring one's production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed. These strategies are useful and can be carried out with the help of the teachers to make the learning more effective.
Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they involve more direct manipulation of the learning materials itself. These strategies are often adopted by good learners.
Social-affective strategies are related with social-mediating activity and transacting. These strategies are often used by active learners.

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查应用语言学中的学习策略问题。学习策略指学生学习中所使用的学习方法。众多学者对学习策略进行了分类，其中O'Malley & Chamot总结了三个主要的学习策略：认知策略、元认知策略、社交——情感策略。与其他学者的分类比较，他们的分类基于认知心理学，显得更加合理、全面。