复合题

As in the case of so many words used by the biologist and physiologist, the word acclimatization is hard to define. With increase in knowledge and understanding, meanings of words change. Originally the term acclimatization was taken to mean only the ability of human beings or animals or plants to accustom themselves to new and strange climatic conditions, primarily altered temperature. A person or a wolf moves to a hot climate and is uncomfortable there, but after a time is better able to withstand the heat. But aside from temperature, there are other aspects of climate. A person or an animal may become adjusted to living at higher altitudes than those it was originally accustomed to. At really high altitudes, such as aviators may be exposed to, the low atmospheric pressure becomes a factor of primary importance. In changing to a new environment, a person may, therefore, meet new conditions of temperature or pressure, and in addition may have to contend with different chemical surroundings. On high mountains, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere may be relatively small; in crowded cities, a person may become exposed to relatively high concentrations of carbon dioxide or even carbon monoxide, and in various areas may be exposed to conditions in which the water content of the atmosphere is extremely high or extremely low. Thus in the case of humans, animals, and even plants, the concept of acclimatization includes the phenomena of increased toleration of high or low temperature, of altered pressure, and of changes in the chemical environment.

Let us define acclimatization, therefore, as the process in which an organism or a part of an organism becomes inured to an environment which is normally unsuitable to it or lethal for it. By and large, acclimatization is a relatively slow process. The term should not be taken to include relatively rapid adjustments such as our sense organs are constantly making. This type of adjustment is commonly referred to by physiologists as “adaptation.” Thus our touch sense soon becomes accustomed to the pressure of our clothes and we do not feel them; we soon fail to hear the ticking of a clock; obnoxious orders after a time fail to make much impression on us, and our eyes in strong light rapidly become insensitive. The fundamental fact about acclimatization is that all animals and plants have some capacity to adjust themselves to changes in their environment. This is one of the most remarkable characteristics of living organisms, a characteristic for which it is extremely difficult to find explanations.

单选题 According to the passage, all animals and plants _____.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】文章最后一段倒数第二句提到“The fundamental fact about acclimatization is that all animals and plants have some capacity to adjust themselves to changes in their environment.”， 故A正确。 B明显错误， 文章中举例假如一个动物迁到海拔更高的地方， 它将同时适应海拔和气压两个方面的变化。 C中的“successful”用词不太恰当， acclimatization是人、 动物和植物的特点， 并不是一种能力， 因此successful的表述不准确。 D项明显与第一段最后一句冲突， 动植物适应的环境包括化学环境。 故选A。
单选题 It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】由文章内容可推断， 环境变化， 人和动植物都需要去适应， 故A正确。 B文章主要内容是介绍acclimatization， 而不是比较动物与植物， 因此B项不能从原文推出。 C项明显错误， 作者在介绍acclimatization时， 对象是一切动植物， 并没有按个例去描述。 D项的science在文中并未提及。 故选A。
单选题 According to the passage, acclimatization _____.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】定位至文章最后一段。 最后一段第一句提到“Let us define acclimatization, therefore, as the process in which an organism or a part of an organism becomes inured to an environment which is normally unsuitable to it or lethal for it.”， 由此可知， acclimatization涉及到一个完整的生物， 故C错误； 这里的定义只提到适应不合适甚至是致命的环境， 因此没有包括积极的环境适应，故B错误。 最后一段第三、 四句提到acclimatization不包括快速的适应调整， 即adaptation， 因此A项的“similar”表述不正确。 最后一句话提到给acclimatization下定义十分困难， 故D正确。故选D。
单选题 By inference from the passage, which one of the following would not require the process of acclimatization?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】文章最后一段倒数第三句举了几个adaption的例子， 特点是适应快， 多与感官有关，D项从日光下走进黑暗的房子， 眼睛视觉的感知是非常明显的， 适应速度也较快， 因此D项是adaptation的例子， 不属于acclimatization， 故选D。
单选题 According to the passage, a major distinction between acclimatization and adaptation is that acclimatization _____.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】文章最后一段第二、 三、 四句提到， “acclimatization is a relatively slow process”， 而adaptation的特点是“relatively rapid adjustments”， 由此可知两者间的区别主要是调整适应的速度不同， 故选B。