单选题
In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with 4 (A, B, C and D) choices to complete the statement. You must choose the one which you think fits best. Then blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 70 minutes.

Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.
Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group's most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual's own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.
Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.

单选题 Social control refers to processes by which______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 细节题型。根据开篇第一句Social control refers to social processes…by which people are taught, persuaded，or forced to conform to norms．(社会约束就是教育、劝导、强迫人们服从社会准则的过程)可得知答案。选项B中enforce是强迫人服从(法律)，因此，forced to conform to norms等于norms are enforced。

单选题 Every society has its own______.

单选题 Informal mechanisms of social control include the following EXCEPT______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 细节题型。从第二段第二句Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior．我们可以排除B、C两项。根据第三句Most people intemalize norms in the course of socialization. 的信息可判断D项不是正确答案。第五句When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. 我们可知本句前面的内容指的都是informal的内容可以排除D项。

单选题 The most powerful protection against deviance is______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 推断题型。第二段的第四句This is any group's most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual's own conscience operates as an agent of social control. This指代的就是前面一句话，“大多数人在社会化的过程中把社会准则内在化”，in that就是解释为什么，“因为个人的是非观是社会控制的施动者之一”，所以，C项个人的是非观才是正确答案。

单选题 Formal agents of social control include the following EXCEPT______.

单选题 The purpose of formal agents is to______.

单选题 Which statement about social control agents is NOT true?

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 是非题型。从第二段第八句Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend，in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who，therefore, define unacceptable behavior．(矛盾论者指出，在任何社会中，社会约束的执行者或执行机构往往为有权势的社会群体服务，执行对这些人有利的社会准则，是这些人制定了准则，规定了什么是不能认可的行为。)得知，只有B项没有提到，因此为正确答案。

单选题 According to conflict theorists, social control agents and systems are______.

单选题 In the third paragraph, "a dual function" refers to______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 推断题型。文章的最后一段First，it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated．中的First…分句中的reaffirm“重申”，Second…分句中的regulate“控制和管理”与D项clarification and regulation是对应词。