单选题 (Not having passed) the law exam, the state (refused) (to issue) him a license to (practice).

【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】改为Since he did not pass。因为pass的逻辑主语不是state，而是he，所以不能用现在分词形式作状语，应该用独立主格结构，或者用从句，而且后者会表达得更清楚些。