单选题 Parenthood isn"t a career-killer. In fact, economists with two or more kids tend to produce more research, not less, than their one-child or childless colleagues. But female economists 1 can pay a price in terms of productivity after becoming mothers, especially 2 they"re young or unmarried.
That"s according to a new research from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. There is widespread 3 that motherhood is 4 costly in terms of professional career advancement. "In particular, it is often 5 that the only way for young women to 6 a challenging career is to remain childless," they wrote. Our study of the academic labor market arrives at a somewhat less 7 picture: We do not observe a family gap in research productivity among female academic economists. 8 , motherhood-induced decreases in research productivity are less pronounced than usually purported.
The authors in early 2012 9 about 10,000 economists through the Research Papers in Economics online platform, 10 the academics" answers with their publication records. They gauged an economist"s productivity 11 looking at their output: published research, weighted by journal 12 . Among their findings:
Mothers of at least two children are, 13 , more productive than mothers of only one child, and mothers in general are more 14 than childless women. Fathers of 15 two children are also more productive than fathers of one child and childless men. Toward the end of their careers, however, childless men appear to be somewhat more productive than fathers of one child.
Parenthood does appear linked to 16 productivity while the children are 12 and younger: mothers average a 17.4% loss, while fathers average a 5% loss. A female economist with three children, on average, 17 the equivalent of four years of research 18 by the time her kids become teenagers. Women who are married or in a 19 relationship do not have any drop in research productivity in the three years following childbirth. For single mothers, research output drops by roughly a third 20 the same period.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 从But可知,此句意思与上文在语义上存在转折关系,上文讲述经济学家有了孩子后不会影响工作效率。故此处But female economists ______ can pay a price in terms of productivity after becoming mothers是在讲述女性经济学家在当上妈妈之后会在工作效率上付出代价。故D. in particular“尤其、特别”符合题意,为正确答案。in principle“原则上”,in turn“依次,轮流”,in addition“另外”,三项均不符合题意。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] 理解此句especially ______ they"re young or unmarried,首先要确定代词they所指代的含义,通过上下文,可知they指代的是mothers。故此句意为“如果她们是年轻母亲或未婚生育的话,那情况会更糟”。B. if“如果”符合句意,为正确答案。when“当……时候”,because“因为”,unless“除非”,均不符合题意,故排除。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文,可推知此处There is widespread ______ that motherhood...在讲述人们普遍相信成为人母会在职业生涯发展上付出极高的代价。C. conviction“确信,信念”,符合题意,为正确答案。foundation“基础,地基”,tradition“传统”,phenomenon“现象”,均不符合题意,故排除。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】[解析] 此处motherhood is ______ costly in terms of professional career advancement为conviction的同位语从句,其中costly为形容词,意为“昂贵的,代价高的”。故此处需填一个副词,修饰形容词costly。A. extremely“很,非常”,符合题意,为正确答案。largely“主要地,大部分地”,obviously“明显地”,oppositely“相反地”,均不符合题意,故排除。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] 此处In particular, it is often ______ that the only way for young women to ______ a challenging career is to remain childless,联系上下文可知,此处是在讲述人们的一种普遍观点。argued意为“认为,主张”,it is argued意为“有人认为”,故B. argued符合题意,为正确答案。insist“坚持宣称,坚持认为”,此处并没有强调“人们坚持认为”的意思,故排除。judge“评定”,conclude“推断出”,均不符合题意,故排除。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】[解析] 此处the only way for young women to ______ a challenging career is to remain childless意为“年轻女性从事具有挑战性职业的唯一办法就是不要孩子”。make a career为固定搭配,意为“向上爬,谋求发迹”,故A. make符合题意,为正确答案。choose“选择”;许多考生会误选take“获得,接受”,但take一般不和career连用,经常和job搭配;engage“从事”后面加职业时,应加介词in。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文可知,此处Our study of the academic labor market arrives at a somewhat less ______ picture意为“但我们通过对学术界劳动力市场的研究发现,情况并不这么令人沮丧”。C. dreary“令人厌烦的,枯燥的”符合题意,为正确答案。ideal“理想的”;desirable“令人满意的”;agreeable“令人愉快的,惬意的”,均不符合题意,故排除。此外,根据“三一原则”(四个选项中,有三个词属于同义词,剩余一个词的词义与它们完全不同)考生可快速锁定正确答案C项。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上文所述“我们没有发现女性学术经济学家的学术研究效率因拥有家庭而出现差距。”可知此处______, motherhood-induced decreases in research productivity are less pronounced than usually purported与上文为递进关系。意为“______因成为人母而导致的研究效率下降也不像人们通常所说的那么明显。”故B. Moreover“此外,而且”,表递进关系,符合题意,为正确答案。Therefore“因此,所以”,Otherwise“否则,不然”,However“然而”,均不符合题意,故排除。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 此处The authors in early 2012 ______ about 10,000 economists through the Research Papers in Economics online platform意为“该文作者在2012年初通过《经济学研究论文》网的在线平台对大约10000名经济学家进行了______”。故D. surveyed“调查”符合题意,为正确答案。collect“收集,收藏”,claim“声称,断言”均不符合题意,故排除。许多考生可能会误选investigate“调查,审查”,但investigate更倾向于政府或公共部门对刑事案件的调查。而此处指的是“科研调查”故排除。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文,可知此处______ the academics" answers with their publication records意为“将这些学者的回答与他们的论文发表情况相比对”。match“匹配,使一致”,与with搭配,意为“与……相配”;故A. matching符合题意,为正确答案。compare“比较,相比”,compare with“与……作比较”,此处强调的是被调查者的答案是否与他们的论文内容相符。而不是单纯地比较两个事物的相同点或不同点,故排除。classify“分类”,line“排队,用线标出”,均不符合题意,故排除。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上文,可知此处They gauged an economist"s productivity ______ looking at their output:意为“他们通过统计这些经济学家的论文产量来衡量他们的工作效率”。C. by“通过”表示方式,符合题意,为正确答案。with“关于,和,随着”,in“穿,戴;在……里面”,from“(表示时间)从……;(表示原因)因为……;(表示来源)来自……;(表示分离)与……”,均不符合题意,故排除。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 做对此题,需要考生理清句子结构。published research, weighted by journal ______一句中,published research是前面output的解释说明,而过去分词weighted是对published research的解释说明,根据常识,衡量出版论文一般通过出版社的质量来衡量。故D. quality“质量”符合题意,为正确答案。size“大小,规模”,name“名称”,quantity“数量”均不符合题意,故排除。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] 通过分析句子结构,可知此处Mothers of at least two children are, ______, more productive than mothers of only one child并不缺少句子成分,句意为“至少拥有两个孩子的母亲______比只有一个孩子的母亲工作效率更高”。B. on average“平均起来”符合题意,为正确答案。for example“例如,拿……来说”,符合句法结构,但是通过上下文可知,此处没有举例的意思,故排除。in principle“从原则上来说”,above all“最重要的是”,均不符合题意。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文,可知此处and mothers in general are more ______ than childless women和前面句意为并列关系,意为“有孩子的女性总体上比没有孩子的女性工作效率更高”。至于“效率”一词,考生可从上一小题所在句子中的more productive than mothers of only one child获得灵感。故A. productive“富有成效的,多产的”,符合题意,为正确答案。successful“成功的”,laborious“勤劳的,辛苦的”,effective“有效的,起作用的”,均不符合题意。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文和此句Fathers of ______ two children are also more productive than fathers of one child and childless men中的also可知此句与前面一句为并列关系,上一句比较了“至少拥有两个孩子的母亲平均比只有一个孩子的母亲工作效率更高,有孩子的女性总体上比没有孩子的女性工作效率更高”,而此句是在比较相同情况下,父亲的工作效率如何。故C. at least“至少”与前文相照应,符合题意,为正确答案。smart“聪明的”,naughty“淘气的”,at best“最多”,均不符合题意。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] 此处Parenthood does appear linked to ______ productivity while the children are 12 and younger: mothers average a 17.4% loss, while fathers average a 5% loss句意为“当孩子12岁或者更小时,为人父母的身份的确看上去与工作效率的______有关:母亲的工作成果平均减少17.4%,而父亲的工作成果平均减少5%。通过本句中的loss,可知B. lower“降低”符合题意,为正确答案。increase“增加”,affect“影响”,promote“促进”,三项均不符合题意。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文可知此处是对前一句的继续阐述,前面一句讲道:“当孩子12岁或者更小时,为人父母的身份的确看上去与工作效率的降低有关:母亲的工作成果平均减少17.4%,而父亲的工作成果平均减少5%。而此句明显是在讲述女性经济学家在有孩子的情况下,工作效率降低了多少。故A. loses“损失,降低”符合题意,为正确答案。gain“增加,获得”,influence“影响”,change“改变”,均不符合题意。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文,可知A female economist with three children, on average, ______ the equivalent of four years of research ______ by the time her kids become teenagers意为“有三个孩子的女性经济学家在孩子长到十几岁时会平均损失掉相当于四年的研究成果。”此处所填单词意为“成果”与research搭配,而关于研究成果,文中的最后一段的最后一句有明显的提示:research output。故D. output“产量,输出量”符合题意,为正确答案。paper“论文”,result“结果”,work“工作”,均不符合题意。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文,可知此处Women who are married or in a ______ relationship do not have any drop in research productivity in the three years following childbirth意为“已婚或处于______关系的女性在生孩子后的头三年中工作效率并没有下降”,根据常识可知B. stable“稳定的”符合题意,为正确答案。flexible“灵活的”,balanced“平衡的”,variable“多变的”,均不符合题意。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】[解析] 根据上下文,可知此处For single mothers, research output drops by roughly a third the same period意为“而同期单身母亲的研究成果会减少约三分之一”。over the same period为固定搭配,意为“在同一时期”,故A. over符合题意,为正确答案。其他三个介词与the same period搭配,均无此意,故排除。