填空题 Man lives in communities. His social existence restricts his {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}in certain directions and extends it in others. Society {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}on him some limitations. People do not all engage in the same activities. They can be {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}from each other by the functions they perform. This process of differentiation is called specialization. Specialization prevents many members of an industrial society from developing intelligence and {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}. But some aspects of human society extend them beyond a point which can be {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}by animals or animal communities lacking the features which human society {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}possesses.
Western-type {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}often claim that they provide "equality of opportunity" for all their citizens. At first sight it might seem that this implies the same chance for everyone of succeeding in his {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}occupation provided he is conscious of his goal and is willing to work hard. What the phrase actually implies is something rather different--namely a competitive situation in which the number of competitors exceeds the number of rewards, {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}. However, it is only in theory that they all start equal. Even if the state offers them free education and protects them from hunger or extreme poverty, {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}. A process of invisible or hidden selection goes on which has very little to do with "equality of opportunity" in any sense. It is not the individual who selects his job; {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}.