复合题

A social group can be defined as a set of two or more people who interact regularly and in a manner that is defined by some common purpose, a set of norms (shared standards of behavior), and a structure of statuses and roles within the group. By this definition, the members of a college class, of a family, and of a workplace all qualify as social groups. In contrast, people standing on a corner waiting at a traffic light do not qualify, even if they do interact. There is no regularity to these people’s interaction, nor any division of roles and statuses. They share a common purpose only to the extent that they all want to cross the street, but once across, they will all go their separate ways. Sociologists refer to such a cluster of people as an aggregate.
A particular kind of social group that is of great importance in modern society is the formal organization, which is defined as a relatively large-scale group having a name, some official purpose or goals, a structure of statuses and roles, and a set of rules designed to promote these goals. What distinguishes formal organizations from other kinds of groups is the official—and usually written—nature of the goals, rules, and status structure. The structure of a formal organization is sufficiently clear so that it can be put on paper in the form of an organizational chart.
Formal organizations can be grouped into three broad types. Some organizations are voluntary organizations—people choose to join them because they are interested in the group’s purpose or activities. Examples of voluntary organizations are political groups and professional organizations. Another type, overlapping somewhat with voluntary organizations, is the utilitarian organization—an organization designed to accomplish some task. Businesses and neighborhood improvement associations are examples of this type, as are large-scale organizations such as governments and  orporations. Finally, there are coercive organizations—organizations that people are compelled to participate in, such as the military in some countries. Children frequently participate in, a wider range of coercive organizations, most notably schools.

单选题 What does the passage mainly discuss?
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】文章开头第一句就提到social group的定义, 由此可推断出这篇文章主要围绕这个话题展开讨论, 后文又介绍了几种不同类型的social group及其目的, 综合来看本题应选C。
单选题 In paragraph 1, the author explains the difference between a social group and _____.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】由第一段的Sociologists refer to such a cluster of people as an aggregate可知, 作者主要解释了social group和aggregate之间的差异, 故应选B。
单选题 According to the passage, a formal organization is distinct from other groups mainly because_____.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】由第二段的What distinguishes formal organizations from other kinds of groups is the official—and usually written可知, 正确答案为A。
单选题 According to the passage, why do people join a voluntary organization?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】由最后一段的because they are interested in the group’s purpose or activities和Examples of voluntary organizations are political groups and professional organizations可知, 人们之所以加入自发性组织是因为他们对该团体的目标和活动感兴趣, 政治团体和行业组织都是自发性组织的例子, 里面的成员都是有着共同兴趣、 爱好的人, 故本题选D。
单选题 Which of the following best identifies a group of neighbors who work together to create a park for their children?
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】由最后一段的the utilitarian organization—an organization designed to accomplish some task可知, utilitarian organization旨在完成一些任务, 由此可推断出一群邻居一起为他们的孩子建造一个公园属于utilitarian organization。