A social group can be defined as a set of two or more people who interact regularly and in a manner that is defined by some common purpose, a set of norms (shared standards of behavior), and a structure of statuses and roles within the group. By this definition, the members of a college class, of a family, and of a workplace all qualify as social groups. In contrast, people standing on a corner waiting at a traffic light do not qualify, even if they do interact. There is no regularity to these people’s interaction, nor any division of roles and statuses. They share a common purpose only to the extent that they all want to cross the street, but once across, they will all go their separate ways. Sociologists refer to such a cluster of people as an aggregate.
A particular kind of social group that is of great importance in modern society is the formal organization, which is defined as a relatively large-scale group having a name, some official purpose or goals, a structure of statuses and roles, and a set of rules designed to promote these goals. What distinguishes formal organizations from other kinds of groups is the official—and usually written—nature of the goals, rules, and status structure. The structure of a formal organization is sufficiently clear so that it can be put on paper in the form of an organizational chart.
Formal organizations can be grouped into three broad types. Some organizations are voluntary organizations—people choose to join them because they are interested in the group’s purpose or activities. Examples of voluntary organizations are political groups and professional organizations. Another type, overlapping somewhat with voluntary organizations, is the utilitarian organization—an organization designed to accomplish some task. Businesses and neighborhood improvement associations are examples of this type, as are large-scale organizations such as governments and orporations. Finally, there are coercive organizations—organizations that people are compelled to participate in, such as the military in some countries. Children frequently participate in, a wider range of coercive organizations, most notably schools.