【正确答案】正确答案：Speech act theory originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950"s. It is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. According to this theory, we are performing various kinds of acts when we are speaking. A speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.(1 point) The first sense is that when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. In this sense, when somebody says " Morning!" , he produced a sound, word or sentence " Morning!" The act performed in this sense is called a LOCUTIONARY ACT. Within this act, however, Austin suggests that there is another act. "In performing a locutionary act we shall also be performing such an act as; asking or answering a question, giving some information or an assurance or a warning, announcing a verdict or an intention, pronouncing sentence, making an appointment or an appeal or a criticism, making identification or giving a description and so on". For example, to the above question "What did he do?" We could perfectly well say "He offered a greeting. "(3 points) In other words, when we speak, we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces. In the example of "Morning!" we can say it has the force of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting. This is the second sense in which to say something is to do something, and the act performed is known as an ILLOCUTIONARY ACT.(2 points) The third sense in which to say something can mean to do something concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. Telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce to do something, etc. Whether or not these effects are intended by speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker performed. This act is called a PERLOCUTIONARY ACT.(2 points) For example, by saying " Morning!" , the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer. This will definitely have effects on the hearer. When the two interlocutors are on normal terms, the effect may be negligible. But if there were any tensions between them, a simple " Morning!" from one side may bring about great changes in their relationship. The other may accept his show of friendship, and be friends with him again. On the other hand, the hearer may take his friendliness an instance of hypocrisy. As a result, the speaker"s greeting may lead their relationship from bad to worse. Though this effect is not at the speaker had originally intended, it is still a perlocutionary act performed by him.(2 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查言语行为理论提出的三种言语行为。言语行为理论认为说话者在说话时同时实施了三种行为：发话行为、行事行为和取效行为。发话行为指“说话”这一行为本身，它大体与传统意义上的“意指”相同，即指发出语音、音节，说出单词、短语和句子等。这一行为并不能构成语言交际，但在实施此行为的过程中，我们通常实施了一个话中行为(行事行为)，有时还同时实施了一个话后行为(取效行为)。行事行为与发话行为同时发生，表明说话的目的和希望所说的话被人理解。取效行为指说话带来的后果。