翻译题
Being neither a religion nor an ideology, the body of opinion termed conservatism possesses no Holy Writ and no Das Kapital to provide dogmata. 46 So far as it is possible to determine what conservatives believe, the first principles of the conservative persuasion are derived from what leading conservative writers and public men have professed during the past two centuries. Perhaps it would be well, most of the time, to use this word 'conservative' as an adjective chiefly. For there exists no Model Conservative, and conservatism is the negation of ideology: it is a state of mind, a type of character, a way of looking at the civil social order. In essence, the conservative person is simply one who finds the permanent things more pleasing than Chaos and Old Night. (Yet conservatives know, with Burke, that healthy 'change is the means of our preservation.') 47 A people's historic continuity of experience, says the conservative, offers a guide to policy far better than the abstract designs of coffee-house philosophers. But of course there is more to the conservative persuasion than this general attitude. The conservative believes that there exists an enduring moral order. That order is made for man, and man is made for it: human nature is a constant, and moral truths are permanent. This word order signifies harmony. There are two aspects or types of order: the inner order of the soul, and the outer order of the commonwealth. Twenty-five centuries ago, Plato taught this doctrine, but even the educated nowadays find it difficult to understand. 48 The problem of order has been a principal concern of conservatives ever since conservative became a term of politics. 49 It has been said by liberal intellectuals that the conservative believes all social questions, at heart, to be questions of private morality. Properly understood, this statement is quite true. 50 A society in which men and women are governed by belief in an enduring moral order, by a strong sense of right and wrong, by personal convictions about justice and honor, will be a good society—whatever political machinery it may utilize; while a society in which men and women are morally adrift, ignorant of norms, and intent chiefly upon gratification of appetites, will be a bad society—no matter how many people vote and no matter how liberal its formal constitution may be.
【答案解析】题源揭示：本文源于1993年出版的《审慎的政治》(The Politics of Prudence)，作者为罗素·柯克(Russell Kirk)。文章主要讨论了保守主义的本质和基本原则。“保守主义”既不是宗教，也不是意识形态。保守主义者坚持内在和外在持久的秩序，他们认为持久不变更好，持久的道德秩序会造就更好的社会。 So far as it is possible to determine what conservatives believe, the first principles of the conservative persuasion are derived from what leading conservative writers and public men have professed during the past two centuries. 本句的主干结构为the first principles...are derived from what...。so far as引导的是条件状语从句，两个what引导的都是宾语从句，其中第一个what作动词determine的宾语，第二个what作介词from的宾语。 (1)so far as：英文解释为to the degree or extent that，意为“就……而言”。 (2)what leading conservative writers and public men have professed：这部分是宾语从句，作are derived from的宾语。profess的意思是“声称，公开表明”，这里可以译为“公开言论”。 [参考译文] 被称为“保守主义”的主张既非宗教，亦非意识形态，它不像《圣经》和《资本论》那样提供教义。确定保守主义者的信仰是可能的，因为保守主义信念的首要原则来源于过去两个世纪的保守主义的主要作家和公众人物的公开言论。 多数情况下，主要把“保守的”当作一个形容词来使用也许是适当的。因为不存在“模范保守主义者”，并且保守主义是对意识形态的否定：它是一种思想状态，一种性格类型，一种看待公民社会秩序的方式。 本质上，保守的人就是那种认为持久不变比混乱和黑暗更合意的人。(不过保守主义者也知道，如柏克所言，健康的“变化才是我们的保存之道”。)保守主义者说，比起咖啡馆哲学家的抽象设计，人类经验的历史延续可以提供更好的政策指导。不过当然，相对于这种大体的态度，保守主义的信念包含更多。 保守主义者认为，存在持久的道德秩序。秩序为人类而存在，人类也为秩序而存在：人性恒定不变，道德真理永存。 “秩序”意味着和谐。秩序有两个层面或种类：内在心灵的秩序，以及外在共同体的秩序。这一信条，2500年前的柏拉图就讲过，但直到今天即便受过良好教育的人也仍然不易理解。自“保守主义”一词变成政治术语后，秩序问题就一直是保守派关注的主要议题。 自由派知识分子曾说：保守主义者认为，所有的社会问题本质上都是私德问题。如果理解无误，这句话千真万确。如果在一个社会里，人们信奉持久的道德秩序，怀有强烈的是非感，对正义和荣誉有坚定的个人信仰，那么无论采用何种政治机制，它都是—个良善的社会；相反，如果一个社会里的人们道德散漫，不守规矩，主要热衷于满足口腹之欲，那么无论多少人有选举权，其正式的宪法有多开明，这个社会都很糟糕。
问答题
【正确答案】保守主义者说，比起咖啡馆哲学家的抽象设计，人类经验的历史延续可以提供更好的政策指导。
【答案解析】A people's historic continuity of experience, says the conservative, offers a guide to policy far better than the abstract designs of coffee-house philosophers. 本句的主干结构为A people's historic continuity of experience...offers a guide to policy...。主干为主谓宾结构的简单句，句中says the conservative是插入语，far better than the abstract designs of coffee-house philosophers是形容词比较级结构修饰其前面的名词短语a guide to policy。 (1)historic continuity of experience: continuity意为“连续，持续性”，此处可以译为“经验的历史延续”。 (2)far better than the abstract designs of coffee-house philosophers：这是一个形容词比较级结构修饰其前面的名词短语a guide to policy，与后面的名词短语the abstract designs of coffee-house philosophers做比较。
问答题
【正确答案】自“保守主义”一词变成政治术语后，秩序问题就一直是保守派关注的主要议题。
【答案解析】The problem of order has been a principal concern of conservatives ever since conservative became a term of politics. 本句的主干结构为The problem of order has been a principal concern...ever since...。句子为主从复合句，ever since引导的是时间状语从句。 (1)The problem of order has been a principal concern: principal的意思是“主要的”，concern的意思是“关心的事，负责的事”，因此a principal concern可以译为“关注的主要议题”。 (2)ever since conservative became a term of politics：这是一个时间状语从句，ever since引导的从句时态用过去时，主句用现在完成时。term意为“术语”。
问答题
【正确答案】自由派知识分子曾说：保守主义者认为，所有的社会问题本质上都是私德问题。
【答案解析】It has been said by liberal intellectuals that the conservative believes all social questions, at heart, to be questions of private morality. 本句的主干结构为It has been said...that...。这是一个复合句，主句It为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，从句的主干结构是the conservative believes all social questions...to be questions of private morality。 (1) the conservative believes all social questions, at heart, to be questions of private morality: to be questions of private morality是不定式短语作宾补。at heart是插入语，意为“本质上，内心里”，private morality意为“私德”。
【答案解析】A society in which men and women are governed by belief in an enduring moral order, by a strong sense of right and wrong, by personal convictions about justice and honor, will be a good society—whatever political machinery it may utilize. 本句的主干结构为A society...will be a good society...。句子为主从复合句。in which引导限定性定语从句，修饰其前面的先行词society，in which相当于where，在从句中作状语；by belief in an enduring moral order, by a strong sense of right and wrong, by personal convictions about justice and honor是介宾短语作并列状语；句尾的whatever引导的是一个让步状语从句。 (1)A society in which men and women are governed by belief in an enduring moral order, by a strong sense of right and wrong, by personal convictions about justice and honor: which指前面的society, be governed意为“被制约，被控制”，紧跟在后面的是“by+名词短语”构成的3个并列状语。由于状语过长，在翻译时可以把状语中的名词变为动词，作句子的并列谓语，译文将更为顺畅。sense of right and wrong意为“是非感，是非之心”，personal convictions的意思是“个人信仰”。 (2)whatever political machinery it may utilize: whatever引导让步状语从句；political machinery意为“政治体制”，这里it指代的是the society，utilize相当于use，意为“使用”，翻译时为了中文搭配合适，翻译为“采用”。