翻译题
美国的知识分子 ——2006年英译汉及详解 Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual. First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?【F1】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.【F2】His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist, for one.【F3】I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.【F4】But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.【F5】They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts," as Emerson would say, is something else.
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：定语从句和宾补前置。 前一部分中，首先应该把握“define…as”(把…定义为…)这个词组。“him”可以翻译成“知识分子”，也可以省略不译。后一部分，是由who引导的定语从句。采取后置翻译的方法；而“as his primaryduty and pleastlre in life”是状语成分，本应放在句末作补充说明，由于elected的宾语“the activity ofthinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems”比较长，所以as引导的状语作了前置处理，形成倒装。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：定语从句和介词短语作状语。 主句部分相对容易，而这其中“analogous”算是个难词。但是有上下文“to that(function)of ajudge”，这本身就显示“his function”和“that of a judge”之间是某种类比关系。而此处的“analogous”正是“类似”的意思。定语从句部分则相对较难，也是本句翻译的关键。众所周知，理解长难句的关键是找出主干，who引导的定语从句是一个非限制性定语从句，而且比较长，所以后置翻译。who引导的定语从句是在限定“a judge”。其次，“in as obvious a matter as possible”是状语成分。“which led him to thisdecision”是一个简短的定语从句，可以作为一个修饰成分。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：不定式作宾语和比较级。 本句由一个比较结构“not…any more than”分割成两部分。前句中中仍然出现了一个传统考点——定语从句：“which governs his activity”，而这个定语从句本身结构比较简单，可以作为一个修饰成分，因此，可以采取前置法，把整个定语从句作为形容词翻译在中心词“moral code”之前。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：并列结构和定语从句。 此外．主句中还出现了“more than”引导的比较结构，这个比较结构中还包含有省略结构。主句如果补全，应该是：They may teach very well，and they may teach more than earn their salaries，这样意思就比较明显了：知识分子可能教得很好，而且可能不光为了谋生而教书。又考到了定语从句“which involve moral judgment”。可以采取前置法，把它置于中心词之前。