单选题 {{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}
War may be a natural expression of biological instinct and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate (天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.
The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus while the one protects the individual from violence; the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and ethical commitments.

单选题 Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that______.

A. it threatens the existing social systems
B. it is influenced by society
C. it has roots in religious conflicts
D. it is directed against institutions of law

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 依据第一段指出了人类暴力的两个特性，其中第二个特性就是它是“a learned behavior”。可以知道本题的答案应该就在第一段的后面部分。接下来的第二句话即说人类暴力的诸多表现形式都受社会习惯的制约：“The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior”将其定型为侵略性行为，因此应选B。

单选题 The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is______.

A. to control violence within a society
B. to protect the world from chaos
C. to free society from the idea of revenge
D. to give the government absolute power

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 第二段的第一句话“The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law”，由此看出答案是A。

单选题 What does the author mean by saying "... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused" (Para. 2)?

A. Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.
B. Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.
C. Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.
D. Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 解题时要注意题干中这句话开头的“but”一词，既然该句是由but引导的转折，则上文往往是理解该题的关键。在上面一句中，作者提到在部落社会中，对犯罪者的审判和惩罚往往由家族进行，接下来话锋一转，说在法律系统中，这种报复的责任已经非个人化了、分散了，也就是说，不是由所涉及的个人来进行，故正确答案是D。

单选题 The world "allegiance" (Para, 3) is closest in meaning to______.

A. loyalty
B. objective
C. survival
D. motive

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 在“allegiance”前后的两个主词分别是commitment和sacrifice，应能判断出这三个词相对于国家而言是同一类词，再利用排除法，不难选出正确答案是A。

单选题 What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A. Governments tend to abuse their supreme Power in times of war.
B. In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.
C. In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.
D. Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 最后一段的主旨较为明显，说的是国家司法机器的另一方面，即军事机器，开头第二句说得很明确，这一方面是为了国家的利益而牺牲个人，因此正确选项是D。

单选题 Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Human violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct.
B. Religious traditions have played an important role in directing the powers of violence.
C. Either in family groups or in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge is coincident.
D. The war tests a community's deepest religious and ethical commitments.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] A，C，D基本上可以从原文找到相应的表述。正确答案是B，因为原文在第二段中提到：Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense．But in legal systems，the becomes depersonalized and diffused．显然，部落社会和司法体系在对犯罪问题的处理上是不一致的。可参见59题的解析。