行为科学的建立 ——2002年英译汉及详解 Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.【F1】 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.【F2】 The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.【F3】 The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.【F4】 They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who will use a technology and to what ends?【F5】 Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

问答题【F1】

【正确答案】正确答案：难题之一在于几乎所有的所谓行为科学都依然是从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去探寻行为的根源。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：表语从句。句子的结构是：①主干结构是表语从句one difficulty is that…。②almost all of what is called behav一ioral science是表语从句中的主语部分，后面是简单的谓语和宾语结构。to trace behavior to译为“继续针对…研究行为”。

问答题【F2】

【正确答案】正确答案：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：原因状语从句。句子的主干结构是：主句+两个并列关系的原因状语从句。the explanatory items译为“用以解释的要素(内容，项目)”；other kinds of explanations译为“其他解释方式”。

问答题【F3】

【正确答案】正确答案：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：介词短语结构。句子的主干结构是两个表示时间对比的并列句：The role of…was formulated only…，and theselective role of…is only beginning to…。每一个句子的主语都比较长，都是名词+介词短语结构。

问答题【F4】

【正确答案】正确答案：自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：并列句和固定达配的译法。句子的主干结构是两个并列句。They are the possessions of…and they"re essential to…。in which…是practices的定语从句。其中，be esential to意为“必要的，关键的”，be responsible for意为“…负责”：givecredit for意为“表扬，肯定”。

问答题【F5】

【正确答案】正确答案：如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之受到排斥。

【答案解析】解析：本句考查的重点是：复合状语从句的译法。句子的结构是：①主干结构是复合状语从句Until these issues are resolved，a technology…，andwith it…。②and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表达是the only way to solveour problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it．其中it指代前面主句的内容。a technology ofbehavior译为“研究行为的技术手段”；be rejected译为“被抛弃，被拒绝，被反对”；with it译为“随之，伴随着它”。