阅读理解
TEXT D
In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing through you. Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.
These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can’t change your behaviour by simply resolving to do something. Knowing what to do is not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a dam that can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It's more like a muscle, which tires easily. Moreover, you're a social being. If everybody around you is overeating, you’ll probably do so, too.
The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding of free will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.
Much of our behaviour, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit, not actual decisions. Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits—cue, routine, reward.
You can change your own personal habits. If you leave running shorts on the floor at night, that'll be a cue to go running in the morning. Don’t try to ignore your afternoon snack craving. Every time you feel the cue for a snack, insert another routine. Take a walk.
Their research thus implies a different character model, which is supposed to manipulate the neural（神经系统的）networks inside.
To be an effective person, under this model, you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits, and the habits of those under your care. You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines. Every relationship becomes slightly manipulative, including your relationship with yourself. You're trying to arouse certain responses by implanting certain cues.
This is a bit disturbing, because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings, like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.
If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you’re probably wrong. As the Victorians understood, if you want to change your life, don’t just look for a clever cue. Commit to some larger global belief.
单选题
Which of the following is a key element in the 19th-century character model?
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[解析] 根据题干关键词the 19th-century character model定位至第1-2段。
从第1段可知，在19世纪的品格模式中，一个好人需要控制自己的种种欲望(keep... inch eck/say no to…)。第2段第1-2句提到，以前的那套模式过时了，人们不可能仅靠意志改变自己的行为，由此推断，在19世纪，人们认为靠意志可以扭转自己的行为。determination是对原文resolving to do something的同义改写，故选B。
细节判断题。由第1段可知，A“激情”(文中指欲望)和D“行动”是需要运用意志力去控制的对象，而非培养品格模式的关键要素。C“能力”文中没有提及。
单选题
The 19th-century model supposedly does not work because
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解析] 根据题干关键词the 19th-century model does not work定位至第3段。
第2段指出，仅靠意志力还不足以改变人的行为。第3段进一步说明，19世纪品格模式的基础，即自由意志，作用有限，因为很多东西是不受自己控制的。所以选D“很多其他因素不受个人控制”。
细节判断题。文中没有捉到19世纪的品格模式运行的效果，A中的worked unsatisfactorily没有原文依据。文中把意志比作隔挡欲望洪流的大坝(is to erectdams to keep passions in check/Your willpower isnot like a dam..．)但这一模式不适用不是因为比喻不恰当，而是因为意志力的作用有限，故排除B“将自由意志比作大坝不合理”。C“想做的事情应该经过深思熟虑”文中没有提到。
单选题
What is the main implication of the research at Duke University?
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 根据关键词Duke University定位至第4段。
该段第1句是主题句：我们的大部分行为受无意识习惯的支配。紧接着用杜克大学的研究作为例证，其研究结果是，超过40%的行为受控于习惯(are governed by habit)，故选A“习惯是决定行为的重要因素”。
细节判断题。第5段提到，可以改变个人习惯，比如想吃零食的时候可以去去走走，B中的difficult没有原文依据。杜克大学的研究关注的是habit并不涉及will power(只是说人们的行为有40%由习惯而非实际决定所主宰)，C没有依据。D“习惯的构成不明”与第4段最后一句中的come to understand the structureof habits(开始了解习惯的构成)相矛盾，故不选。
单选题
According to the new character model, personal behaviour could be altered through
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 根据题干关键词personal behaviour could be altered定位至第5-8段。
第5段提到，可以把运动短裤放地板上提醒早起去跑步，或者用出去散步来打消吃零食的欲望，即第7段最后一句提到的，设法通过埋下一些诱因来引发相应的反应。故选A“通过诱因操控惯性神经反应”。
细节判断题。由第8段可知，习惯神经网不能被巧妙的诱发机制逆转，即诱因可以帮助改变一部分行为模式，因此排除B。C“通过一些方法来创造不同的物理诱因”只是改变行为的准备步骤，这些诱因激发了神经网络的反应才能改变行为，所以C不是直接原因。D“通过一些方法来补充旧的行为惯例”在文中没有提及。
单选题
We learn from the passage that the new character model
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解析] 根据题干关键词the new character model定位至第6-9段。
第6、7段提到，品格模式对神经网络的操控以及通过植入诱因引发神经系统的反应。第8段提到，习惯神经网还受情感的影响，可见C“强调习惯改变中的神经及心理方面”正确。
细节判断题。A“能成功改变行为”太过绝对，文中slightly manipulative(略具操控性)，nor can theybe reversed(不可能被逆转)等词表明，行为只能被部分改变，排除A。第8段提到习惯神经网受情感因素的影响，是为了强调诱因和惯例不是全部因素，而不是说更侧重行为的情感方面，排除B项。D“能像广告商那样改变你的生活”与最后一段第1句不符，故也排除。