单选题
The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints (1) the construction of ideal states, such as (2) to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected (3) valueless, intellectual exercises like Plato's Republic, in (4) the relationship of the individual to the state was (5) out painstakingly without reference to (6) states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publiea, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in (7) . Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it (8) religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was (9) to have received authority from the gods, specifically from Jupiter, the "guarantor" of Rome. All constitutional (10) was a method of conferring and administering the (11) . Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the (12) , the family heads who formed the original senate, (13) the religious character necessary to exercise authority, because its original function was to (14) the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved (15) to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on (16) months, and later extending its possession to lower officials. (17) the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing (18) authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only (19) the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous (20) , as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】本题考查介词搭配。空格处的介词与名词短语the construction of ideal states搭配,作blueprints的后置定语,意为“……的蓝图”。for可表示对象、用途,意为“给,对,供”等,根据句意:罗马人没有制定出让希腊人感兴趣的建设理想国家的宏伟蓝图。本句中,“建设理想国家”是“蓝图”的用途,因此选B。A,C和D均不符合题目要求。
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】本题考查动词用法辨析。空格所在部分是一个定语从句,其中8s为关系代词,指代先行词blueprints。因此,该从句的主语是as指代的blueprints,谓语是空格处填入的动词。该动词是个不及物动词,与后面的介词to搭配。符合要求的只有[C]appeal,它常和介词to搭配,“(对某人)有吸引力,引起(某人的)兴趣”。tempt sb.to do sth.“诱惑、吸引(某人做某事)”,其中to为不定式符号attract sb. to sth.“引起某人对某事的好感或喜爱”transfer sb./sth. to...“使转移,搬迁”。
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】本题考查句子结构及介词用法。空格所在句子中出现了倒装结构,由于其宾语intellectual exercises的后置定语较长,因此将宾补valueless提前。该句子的正常语序是Roman theorists ignored, or rejected intellectual exercises ____ valueless。能够引出宾补的介词只有[C]as,如I respect him as a doctor.(我尊敬他这个医生。)You can use that glass as a vase.(你可以把那个玻璃杯当作花瓶用。)
【答案解析】本题考查动词短语辨析。空格所在部分是定语从句中的谓语,由于它是被动式,因此其逻辑宾语就是该从句的主语the relationship。turn out(制造,生产;关掉,熄灭);work out(计算,算出,处理,解决,计划,思考);bring out(使显现,使表现出,生产,出版)make out(辨认;理解,明白),根据句意:在柏拉图的《理想国》中不涉及具体个人或国家的一种个人与国家之间的关系被详细地设计出来,但罗马理论家们几乎无一例外地忽视或拒绝接受像《理想国》这样的智力训练,认为它们毫无价值。应该选[B],work out the relationship表示“想出或制定出(个人与国家之间的)关系”。
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】本题考查近义形容词辨析。[A]special(特别的,专门的);[B]specific(特殊的,明确的);[D]particular (不寻常的,特别的),但是particular也可意为(专指的,特指的),这种用法的particular只用在名词前作定语,与泛指相对。由句意可知,空格处填入的形容词修饰states or individuals,表示“特指的国家或个人”,与上文提到的“泛指的国家或个人”相对。因此应选D。
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】本题考查固定搭配。have sb. /sth.in mind意为“心中有适当的人(或事情)等”,空格所在部分表达的含义是:对罗马有了非常清楚的想法,因此应选[D]mind。其它项都可以和介词in搭配:in store意为“即将发生(在某人身上),等待着(某人)”;inexistence意为“现存”;in reality意为“实际上,事实上”,都不符合文意。
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】本题考查动词词义辨析。空格所在部分是even when引导的让步状语从句,其中¨指代上文的Roman thought(罗马人的想法),空格处填入的动词是谓语,其宾语是religious and moral concepts。[A] abandoned(放弃,抛弃);[B]caught(染病;听见,理解);[C]separated(分开,隔开)。[D]involved(包含;牵涉,牵连),根据句意:即使涉及到宗教和道德概念,罗马人关于国家的想法也是具体的,应选D。
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】本题考查动词用法辨析。空格所在部分为谓语动词的被动式,其主语是The first ruler,不定式结构to have...作主补。be told to do意为“被命令、吩咐做某事”;be hold to be/do意为“被认为是/做……”; suggest不与不定式连用,因此不存在be suggested to do的结构;be advised to由意为“被建议做某事”。文中不定式的完成式to have received表明该动作发生在空格动词动作之前,根据句意,应选择[B]held,表示“统治者被认为已经获得了……”。
【答案解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。[A]officers(官员),[B]men(男人们);[C]administrators(管理人员,行政官员)fathers一般指“祖先,先父”。下文的插入语the family...senate是空格处名词的同位语,其中the family head是对father的解释,senate(参议院)与assembly(立法机构)在含义上相呼应。因此本题应选D。
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】本题考查动词词义辨析。空格处填入动词,其主语是the assembly of the fathers,宾语是the religious character。[A]possessed意为“拥有;具有(特质)”,在文中可表示“具有(宗教特质)”,符合文意。[B] claimed(要求,请求,主张);[C]assured(保证,担保),一般接sb,作宾语;[D]enforced(强制执行,强行实施,强迫),均不符合文意。
【答案解析】本题考查语法。空格处填入的连词表示所在分句与上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到,参议院拥有权利,并将它下放到各级官员手中。空格所在部分是一个长句,其主干结构是the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing...authority(成就是创造持续的……权力的概念)。authority后是两个并列的分词结构,即embodied...in和conferred…作后置定语。由句意可知,本句仍然在讨论权力下放的问题,但它强调这种权力不完全属于上层阶级,也需要大众的认可。因此在含义上本句出现了转折。四选项中,And表并列,So表因果,Or表选择,But表转折。D正确。
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】本题考查根据上下文选择恰当的词。空格处的名词作定语,修饰authority。本文一开始就提到罗马人关于国家理论的形成(Roman theorizing about the state)。文中多次出现了关键词state。因此可推知,空格部分涉及的是应是“国家权力”。State authority是表达“国家权力”的习惯搭配,一般不用country或 people,national authority常表示“民族权力机构”。
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】本题考查连词用法辨析。空格处填入一连词,引导后面的从句,和空格前的过去分词一起在句子中作状语。该分词结构可以扩充为一个完整的句子,即,authority was conferred only ______ the mass of the people concurred。由于as和so都不与only连用,应排除。能与only连用的连词是when和if。only when引导时间状语从句,意为“只有在……时候才……”;only if引导条件从句,多与现在时连用,意为“只有在……条件下才……”,所以正确项为B。