Many researchers have found     1    dependence and obedience in very young girls, greater     2    and activity in boys. When a barrier is set up to separate children     3    their mothers, boys try to knock it down; girls cry helplessly. There is little     4    that mother's encouragement or discouragement of such behavior plays a major role in determining adult personality. For example, a mother often stimulates male autonomy by throwing a toy far away from her young son, thus silently suggesting to him that he leaves her to get it.
    Animal studies suggest that there may be a biological factor in     5    behavior; mothers of some monkeys punish their male babies earlier and more often than their     6    offspring; they also touch their female babies more often and act more     7    toward them.
    As for the     8    question of female "passivity", psychologist Helen Deutsh believes that the concept has been misunderstood. "There is no contradiction between being feminine and working. The self can be active in both men and women," she says. It is only in love and sex that passivity is particularly     9    for woman. As she sees it, passivity is no     10    than a kind of openness and warmth; it does not mean "inactivity of emptiness".
    Another controversy     11    over the effect of hormones. Aggressive women, who     12    hormonal influence, disagree violently with scientific researchers, who almost     13    agree that hormones help determine how people feel and act.     14    far, there have been few studies of male hormones, but scientists think they may     15    discover hormonal cycles in men that produce     16    changes in mood and behavior. As     17    females, studies have indicated that 49% of female medical and surgical admissions, most psychiatric hospital admission and 62% of violent     18    among women     19    are related with     20    cycles in women.