结构推理 Preparation for competitive entrance examinations requires a lot of energy and financial resources. It consumes the energy of the students and their mothers if not the whole family. As a consequence, both parents and students see the goal of education at each level is to successfully pass entrance examination to a good school. And this is where cramming schools, known as juku come into play. Juku is a privately run education service offered for a fee. They come in all sizes. Some jukus are run by an individual. Some others are run by a business entity（实体）with a large number of teachers. In some schools, college and university students are hired as teachers. School children come to study at juku after school during the week and sometimes during weekends as well. The exact number of jukus and the number of students enrolled in the programs are unknown since the government statistics do not show any figure. In theory, there is no need for additional education of school subjects. The only primary agencies of formal education are regular schools. Therefore, there is no recognition of these education services by the government ministry. Jukus fall generally into two kinds, shingaku juku and gakushuu juku. Shingaku juku is what is often referred to as cramming school where students who wish to prepare for the entrance examinations to enter schools. Gakushuu juku offers additional courses to help students keep up with the subjects in school. Most of the students go to either one of the jukus but there is a small percentage (1.4/%) of students who go to both. Between 8 and 9 /% of the students enroll in two programs. The average number of days they go to these programs each week is 2.51 for elementary school children and 2.78 for the seventh and eighth graders. (314 words) 1. Where do jukus come into play? 2. Why do students have to pay for study at juku? 3. When do school children come to study at juku? 4. Why does the government not recognize jukus? 5. If you want to keep up with the subjects in school, which juku should you choose to go?